Gd and Zr Co-Doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles for Piezo-Photocatalytic Degradation of Ofloxacin
Addressing the limitations of poor piezoelectric photocatalytic activity and insufficient magnetic recovery in pure BiFeO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles, Gd and Zr co-doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol-gel method. The structural characterization rev...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Xuan Liu Jie Chao Feifei Guo Liangliang Chang Xinyang Zhang Wei Long Zengzhe Xi |
| author_facet | Xuan Liu Jie Chao Feifei Guo Liangliang Chang Xinyang Zhang Wei Long Zengzhe Xi |
| author_sort | Xuan Liu |
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| description | Addressing the limitations of poor piezoelectric photocatalytic activity and insufficient magnetic recovery in pure BiFeO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles, Gd and Zr co-doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol-gel method. The structural characterization revealed a rhombohedral-to-orthorhombic phase transition with reduced grain size (~35 nm) and lattice distortion due to dopant incorporation. An XPS analysis confirmed Fe<sup>3+</sup> dominance and oxygen vacancy enrichment, while optimized BGFZ9 exhibited enhanced remanent magnetization (0.1753 emu/g, 14.14 increase) compared to undoped BFO. The synergistic piezo-photocatalytic system achieved 81.08% Ofloxacin degradation within 120 min (rate constant: 0.0136 min<sup>−1</sup>, 1.26 higher than BFO) through stress-induced piezoelectric fields that promoted electron transfer for ·O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>/·OH radical generation via O<sub>2</sub> reduction. The Ofloxacin degradation efficiency decreased to 24.36% after four cycles, with structural integrity confirmed by XRD phase stability. This work demonstrates a triple-optimization mechanism (crystal phase engineering, defect modulation, and magnetic enhancement) for designing magnetically recoverable multiferroic catalysts in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-3fa6f396d8bd4c99a540a633a2da22ae2025-08-20T03:11:22ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912025-05-01151179210.3390/nano15110792Gd and Zr Co-Doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles for Piezo-Photocatalytic Degradation of OfloxacinXuan Liu0Jie Chao1Feifei Guo2Liangliang Chang3Xinyang Zhang4Wei Long5Zengzhe Xi6Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, ChinaShaanxi Engineering Research Center for Mineral Resources Clean & Efficient Conversion and New Materials, Research Centre of Grapheme Technology and Application, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, ChinaShaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, ChinaShaanxi Engineering Research Center for Mineral Resources Clean & Efficient Conversion and New Materials, Research Centre of Grapheme Technology and Application, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, ChinaShaanxi Engineering Research Center for Mineral Resources Clean & Efficient Conversion and New Materials, Research Centre of Grapheme Technology and Application, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, ChinaShaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, ChinaShaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, ChinaAddressing the limitations of poor piezoelectric photocatalytic activity and insufficient magnetic recovery in pure BiFeO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles, Gd and Zr co-doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol-gel method. The structural characterization revealed a rhombohedral-to-orthorhombic phase transition with reduced grain size (~35 nm) and lattice distortion due to dopant incorporation. An XPS analysis confirmed Fe<sup>3+</sup> dominance and oxygen vacancy enrichment, while optimized BGFZ9 exhibited enhanced remanent magnetization (0.1753 emu/g, 14.14 increase) compared to undoped BFO. The synergistic piezo-photocatalytic system achieved 81.08% Ofloxacin degradation within 120 min (rate constant: 0.0136 min<sup>−1</sup>, 1.26 higher than BFO) through stress-induced piezoelectric fields that promoted electron transfer for ·O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>/·OH radical generation via O<sub>2</sub> reduction. The Ofloxacin degradation efficiency decreased to 24.36% after four cycles, with structural integrity confirmed by XRD phase stability. This work demonstrates a triple-optimization mechanism (crystal phase engineering, defect modulation, and magnetic enhancement) for designing magnetically recoverable multiferroic catalysts in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/11/792BiFeO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticlespiezo-photocatalyticmagnetic propertiescatalytic mechanismOfloxacin |
| spellingShingle | Xuan Liu Jie Chao Feifei Guo Liangliang Chang Xinyang Zhang Wei Long Zengzhe Xi Gd and Zr Co-Doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles for Piezo-Photocatalytic Degradation of Ofloxacin Nanomaterials BiFeO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles piezo-photocatalytic magnetic properties catalytic mechanism Ofloxacin |
| title | Gd and Zr Co-Doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles for Piezo-Photocatalytic Degradation of Ofloxacin |
| title_full | Gd and Zr Co-Doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles for Piezo-Photocatalytic Degradation of Ofloxacin |
| title_fullStr | Gd and Zr Co-Doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles for Piezo-Photocatalytic Degradation of Ofloxacin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gd and Zr Co-Doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles for Piezo-Photocatalytic Degradation of Ofloxacin |
| title_short | Gd and Zr Co-Doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles for Piezo-Photocatalytic Degradation of Ofloxacin |
| title_sort | gd and zr co doped bifeo sub 3 sub magnetic nanoparticles for piezo photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin |
| topic | BiFeO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles piezo-photocatalytic magnetic properties catalytic mechanism Ofloxacin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/11/792 |
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