Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions
Vehicular Communication Networks (VCNs) are essential to intelligent transportation systems, where real-time data exchange between vehicles and infrastructure supports safety, efficiency, and automation. However, achieving high Quality of Service (QoS)—especially under delay-sensitive conditions—rem...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Computers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/285 |
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| author | Alaa Kamal Yousif Dafhalla Hiba Mohanad Isam Amira Elsir Tayfour Ahmed Ikhlas Saad Ahmed Lutfieh S. Alhomed Amel Mohamed essaket Zahou Fawzia Awad Elhassan Ali Duria Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Tijjani Adam |
| author_facet | Alaa Kamal Yousif Dafhalla Hiba Mohanad Isam Amira Elsir Tayfour Ahmed Ikhlas Saad Ahmed Lutfieh S. Alhomed Amel Mohamed essaket Zahou Fawzia Awad Elhassan Ali Duria Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Tijjani Adam |
| author_sort | Alaa Kamal Yousif Dafhalla |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vehicular Communication Networks (VCNs) are essential to intelligent transportation systems, where real-time data exchange between vehicles and infrastructure supports safety, efficiency, and automation. However, achieving high Quality of Service (QoS)—especially under delay-sensitive conditions—remains a major challenge due to the high mobility and dynamic topology of vehicular environments. While some efforts have explored routing protocol optimization, few have systematically compared multiple optimization approaches tailored to distinct traffic and delay conditions. This study addresses this gap by evaluating and enhancing two widely used routing protocols, QOS-AODV and GPSR, through their improved versions, CM-QOS-AODV and CM-GPSR. Two distinct optimization models are proposed: the Traffic-Oriented Model (TOM), designed to handle variable and high-traffic conditions, and the Delay-Efficient Model (DEM), focused on reducing latency for time-critical scenarios. Performance was evaluated using key QoS metrics: throughput (rate of successful data delivery), packet delivery ratio (PDR) (percentage of successfully delivered packets), and end-to-end delay (latency between sender and receiver). Simulation results reveal that TOM-optimized protocols achieve up to 10% higher PDR, maintain throughput above 0.40 Mbps, and reduce delay to as low as 0.01 s, making them suitable for applications such as collision avoidance and emergency alerts. DEM-based variants offer balanced, moderate improvements, making them better suited for general-purpose VCN applications. These findings underscore the importance of traffic- and delay-aware protocol design in developing robust, QoS-compliant vehicular communication systems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3f4fea3fcd5a4c56b504c4c0c6399466 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2073-431X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Computers |
| spelling | doaj-art-3f4fea3fcd5a4c56b504c4c0c63994662025-08-20T03:58:30ZengMDPI AGComputers2073-431X2025-07-0114728510.3390/computers14070285Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive ConditionsAlaa Kamal Yousif Dafhalla0Hiba Mohanad Isam1Amira Elsir Tayfour Ahmed2Ikhlas Saad Ahmed3Lutfieh S. Alhomed4Amel Mohamed essaket Zahou5Fawzia Awad Elhassan Ali6Duria Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan7Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid8Tijjani Adam9Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Communications Technical Engineering, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad I10091, IraqDepartment of Information System, College of Science & Arts, King Khalid University, Mohyel Asser 62521, Saudi ArabiaComputer Department Applied College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Information and Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi ArabiaComputer Department Applied College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi ArabiaComputer Department Applied College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Computer Science, Applied College, University of Najran, Najran 61441, Saudi ArabiaFaculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, MalaysiaFaculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, MalaysiaVehicular Communication Networks (VCNs) are essential to intelligent transportation systems, where real-time data exchange between vehicles and infrastructure supports safety, efficiency, and automation. However, achieving high Quality of Service (QoS)—especially under delay-sensitive conditions—remains a major challenge due to the high mobility and dynamic topology of vehicular environments. While some efforts have explored routing protocol optimization, few have systematically compared multiple optimization approaches tailored to distinct traffic and delay conditions. This study addresses this gap by evaluating and enhancing two widely used routing protocols, QOS-AODV and GPSR, through their improved versions, CM-QOS-AODV and CM-GPSR. Two distinct optimization models are proposed: the Traffic-Oriented Model (TOM), designed to handle variable and high-traffic conditions, and the Delay-Efficient Model (DEM), focused on reducing latency for time-critical scenarios. Performance was evaluated using key QoS metrics: throughput (rate of successful data delivery), packet delivery ratio (PDR) (percentage of successfully delivered packets), and end-to-end delay (latency between sender and receiver). Simulation results reveal that TOM-optimized protocols achieve up to 10% higher PDR, maintain throughput above 0.40 Mbps, and reduce delay to as low as 0.01 s, making them suitable for applications such as collision avoidance and emergency alerts. DEM-based variants offer balanced, moderate improvements, making them better suited for general-purpose VCN applications. These findings underscore the importance of traffic- and delay-aware protocol design in developing robust, QoS-compliant vehicular communication systems.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/285vehicular communication networksrouting protocolsdelay-sensitivetraffic-oriented evaluationdelay efficiencyoptimization |
| spellingShingle | Alaa Kamal Yousif Dafhalla Hiba Mohanad Isam Amira Elsir Tayfour Ahmed Ikhlas Saad Ahmed Lutfieh S. Alhomed Amel Mohamed essaket Zahou Fawzia Awad Elhassan Ali Duria Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Tijjani Adam Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions Computers vehicular communication networks routing protocols delay-sensitive traffic-oriented evaluation delay efficiency optimization |
| title | Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions |
| title_full | Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions |
| title_short | Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions |
| title_sort | performance evaluation and qos optimization of routing protocols in vehicular communication networks under delay sensitive conditions |
| topic | vehicular communication networks routing protocols delay-sensitive traffic-oriented evaluation delay efficiency optimization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/285 |
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