Classification and Identification of Foodborne Bacteria in Beef by Utilising Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometric Methods

The detection and classification of foodborne pathogenic bacteria is crucial for food safety monitoring, consequently requiring rapid, accurate and sensitive methods. In this study, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique coupled with chemometrics methods was used to detect and clas...

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Main Authors: Huixin Zuo, Yingying Sun, Mingming Huang, Stephanie Marie Fowler, Jing Liu, Yimin Zhang, Yanwei Mao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-11-01
Series:Foods
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/22/3688
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author Huixin Zuo
Yingying Sun
Mingming Huang
Stephanie Marie Fowler
Jing Liu
Yimin Zhang
Yanwei Mao
author_facet Huixin Zuo
Yingying Sun
Mingming Huang
Stephanie Marie Fowler
Jing Liu
Yimin Zhang
Yanwei Mao
author_sort Huixin Zuo
collection DOAJ
description The detection and classification of foodborne pathogenic bacteria is crucial for food safety monitoring, consequently requiring rapid, accurate and sensitive methods. In this study, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique coupled with chemometrics methods was used to detect and classify six kinds of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, including <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> (<i>S</i>. <i>typhimurium</i>), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>) O157:H7, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i>), <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> (<i>L</i>. <i>monocytogenes</i>), <i>Listeria innocua</i> (<i>L</i>. <i>innocua</i>), and <i>Listeria welshimeri</i> (<i>L</i>. <i>welshimeri</i>). First, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with different particle sizes were prepared as SERS-enhanced substrates by changing the concentration of sodium citrate, and the volume ratio of silver nanosol to bacterial solution was optimised to obtain the optimal SERS signal. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to classify the SERS spectra of six bacteria at three classification levels (Gram type level, genus level and species level), and appropriate classification models were established. Finally, these models were validated on 540 spectra using linear discriminant analysis (LDA), achieving an average accuracy of 95.65%. Overall, it was concluded that the SERS technique combined with chemometrics methods could achieve the rapid detection and classification identification of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, providing an effective means for food safety monitoring.
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spelling doaj-art-3f4da34e57c1495a86c3ab8879deb7732025-08-20T02:05:02ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582024-11-011322368810.3390/foods13223688Classification and Identification of Foodborne Bacteria in Beef by Utilising Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometric MethodsHuixin Zuo0Yingying Sun1Mingming Huang2Stephanie Marie Fowler3Jing Liu4Yimin Zhang5Yanwei Mao6College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaNSW Department of Primary Industries, Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development, P.O. Box 129, Cowra, NSW 2794, AustraliaCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaThe detection and classification of foodborne pathogenic bacteria is crucial for food safety monitoring, consequently requiring rapid, accurate and sensitive methods. In this study, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique coupled with chemometrics methods was used to detect and classify six kinds of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, including <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> (<i>S</i>. <i>typhimurium</i>), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>) O157:H7, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i>), <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> (<i>L</i>. <i>monocytogenes</i>), <i>Listeria innocua</i> (<i>L</i>. <i>innocua</i>), and <i>Listeria welshimeri</i> (<i>L</i>. <i>welshimeri</i>). First, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with different particle sizes were prepared as SERS-enhanced substrates by changing the concentration of sodium citrate, and the volume ratio of silver nanosol to bacterial solution was optimised to obtain the optimal SERS signal. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to classify the SERS spectra of six bacteria at three classification levels (Gram type level, genus level and species level), and appropriate classification models were established. Finally, these models were validated on 540 spectra using linear discriminant analysis (LDA), achieving an average accuracy of 95.65%. Overall, it was concluded that the SERS technique combined with chemometrics methods could achieve the rapid detection and classification identification of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, providing an effective means for food safety monitoring.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/22/3688foodborne pathogenic bacteriasurface-enhanced Raman spectroscopysilver nanoparticleschemometricsclassification identificationbacterial typing
spellingShingle Huixin Zuo
Yingying Sun
Mingming Huang
Stephanie Marie Fowler
Jing Liu
Yimin Zhang
Yanwei Mao
Classification and Identification of Foodborne Bacteria in Beef by Utilising Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometric Methods
Foods
foodborne pathogenic bacteria
surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
silver nanoparticles
chemometrics
classification identification
bacterial typing
title Classification and Identification of Foodborne Bacteria in Beef by Utilising Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometric Methods
title_full Classification and Identification of Foodborne Bacteria in Beef by Utilising Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometric Methods
title_fullStr Classification and Identification of Foodborne Bacteria in Beef by Utilising Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometric Methods
title_full_unstemmed Classification and Identification of Foodborne Bacteria in Beef by Utilising Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometric Methods
title_short Classification and Identification of Foodborne Bacteria in Beef by Utilising Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometric Methods
title_sort classification and identification of foodborne bacteria in beef by utilising surface enhanced raman spectroscopy coupled with chemometric methods
topic foodborne pathogenic bacteria
surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
silver nanoparticles
chemometrics
classification identification
bacterial typing
url https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/22/3688
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