Highly sensitive salinity sensing using annular one-dimensional photonic crystals
Abstract This study explores annular one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals (PCs) in detail as potentially useful instruments for applications involving salinity detection. The distinctive configuration of annular 1D PCs facilitates the containment and manipulation of light within a concise and unif...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02241-2 |
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| author | Hassan Sayed Ashour M. Ahmed Ali Hajjiah M. A. Abdelkawy Arafa H. Aly |
| author_facet | Hassan Sayed Ashour M. Ahmed Ali Hajjiah M. A. Abdelkawy Arafa H. Aly |
| author_sort | Hassan Sayed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This study explores annular one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals (PCs) in detail as potentially useful instruments for applications involving salinity detection. The distinctive configuration of annular 1D PCs facilitates the containment and manipulation of light within a concise and unified framework, facilitating the creation of compact and portable sensing apparatus suitable for on-site applications and real-time monitoring. Unlike conventional planar and texturing-based PC sensors, the annular configuration enhances light confinement and defect mode engineering, leading to superior sensing performance. The study describes the simulation process that uses the COMSOL Multiphysics technique and the Finite Element Method (FEM) to create annular 1D PCs, underscoring the criticality of precise management of layer thickness and uniformity. Wherein, the structure of a 1D- annular PC is created as $${(AB)}^{N}D {(AB)}^{N}$$ , since A represents Silicon dioxide ( $$Si{o}_{2})$$ and B signifies Titanium dioxide ( $$Ti{o}_{2}$$ ) with material thicknesses set at 850 nm for each. D represents the central defect layer from saline water, which equals 3400 nm, and N equals 5. Hence, we achieve an exceptional sensitivity of 1910.6 nm/RIU, surpassing most reported 1D-PC salinity sensors. Also, the materials used in our design ( $$Si{O}_{2} and Ti{O}_{2})$$ are highly chemically and mechanically stable which resistant to etching in the saline water. Furthermore, we discuss the feasibility of fabricating the proposed sensor using advanced nanofabrication techniques, ensuring its practical implementation in environmental and biomedical monitoring applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3ec5069fe9ea40d4b3ff9a99b01c2bb4 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-3ec5069fe9ea40d4b3ff9a99b01c2bb42025-08-20T02:00:14ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115111810.1038/s41598-025-02241-2Highly sensitive salinity sensing using annular one-dimensional photonic crystalsHassan Sayed0Ashour M. Ahmed1Ali Hajjiah2M. A. Abdelkawy3Arafa H. Aly4TH-PPM Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Beni-Suef UniversityPhysics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait UniversityDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)TH-PPM Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Beni-Suef UniversityAbstract This study explores annular one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals (PCs) in detail as potentially useful instruments for applications involving salinity detection. The distinctive configuration of annular 1D PCs facilitates the containment and manipulation of light within a concise and unified framework, facilitating the creation of compact and portable sensing apparatus suitable for on-site applications and real-time monitoring. Unlike conventional planar and texturing-based PC sensors, the annular configuration enhances light confinement and defect mode engineering, leading to superior sensing performance. The study describes the simulation process that uses the COMSOL Multiphysics technique and the Finite Element Method (FEM) to create annular 1D PCs, underscoring the criticality of precise management of layer thickness and uniformity. Wherein, the structure of a 1D- annular PC is created as $${(AB)}^{N}D {(AB)}^{N}$$ , since A represents Silicon dioxide ( $$Si{o}_{2})$$ and B signifies Titanium dioxide ( $$Ti{o}_{2}$$ ) with material thicknesses set at 850 nm for each. D represents the central defect layer from saline water, which equals 3400 nm, and N equals 5. Hence, we achieve an exceptional sensitivity of 1910.6 nm/RIU, surpassing most reported 1D-PC salinity sensors. Also, the materials used in our design ( $$Si{O}_{2} and Ti{O}_{2})$$ are highly chemically and mechanically stable which resistant to etching in the saline water. Furthermore, we discuss the feasibility of fabricating the proposed sensor using advanced nanofabrication techniques, ensuring its practical implementation in environmental and biomedical monitoring applications.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02241-2Annular one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals (PCs)Photonic band gapCOMSOL multiphysicsAnd salinity sensor |
| spellingShingle | Hassan Sayed Ashour M. Ahmed Ali Hajjiah M. A. Abdelkawy Arafa H. Aly Highly sensitive salinity sensing using annular one-dimensional photonic crystals Scientific Reports Annular one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals (PCs) Photonic band gap COMSOL multiphysics And salinity sensor |
| title | Highly sensitive salinity sensing using annular one-dimensional photonic crystals |
| title_full | Highly sensitive salinity sensing using annular one-dimensional photonic crystals |
| title_fullStr | Highly sensitive salinity sensing using annular one-dimensional photonic crystals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Highly sensitive salinity sensing using annular one-dimensional photonic crystals |
| title_short | Highly sensitive salinity sensing using annular one-dimensional photonic crystals |
| title_sort | highly sensitive salinity sensing using annular one dimensional photonic crystals |
| topic | Annular one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals (PCs) Photonic band gap COMSOL multiphysics And salinity sensor |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02241-2 |
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