Daily meal frequency and its associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia: a Bayesian hierarchical Poisson model
BackgroundInadequate feeding frequency during the early childhood period is responsible for more than two-thirds of global child deaths. Evidence on the rate of daily meal frequency among infants and young children at the national level is crucial for developing targeted interventions to improve fee...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
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| author | Dejen Kahsay Asgedom Ausman Ahmed Mohammed Etsay Woldu Anbesu |
| author_facet | Dejen Kahsay Asgedom Ausman Ahmed Mohammed Etsay Woldu Anbesu |
| author_sort | Dejen Kahsay Asgedom |
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| description | BackgroundInadequate feeding frequency during the early childhood period is responsible for more than two-thirds of global child deaths. Evidence on the rate of daily meal frequency among infants and young children at the national level is crucial for developing targeted interventions to improve feeding practices. Hence, this study aimed to identify factors associated with the rate of daily meal frequency (DMF) among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia.MethodsWe retrieved secondary data from the Kids record (KR) of the Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) dataset. A total of 1,264 children aged 6–23 months were included in the study. A Bayesian hierarchical Poisson model was employed. Model convergence was checked via Rhat, effective sample size, density plots, terrace plots, and autocorrelation plots, and all the results were confirmed. We used the widely applicable information criterion (WAIC) and leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO) for model comparison. The model parameters were estimated via special Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation techniques called Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) and its extension, the no-U-turn sampler (NUTS). An adjusted incidence rate ratio (AIRR) with a 95% credible interval (CrI) in the multivariable model was used to select variables that had a significant association with the rate of daily meal frequency. The data were analyzed via R software version 4.3.1.ResultsThe mean and standard deviation of the DMF were 3.36 and 1.60, respectively. The rate of DMF was 1.17 times greater (AIRR = 1.17, 95% CrI: 0.997, 1.381) in children whose mothers had a secondary/higher educational level than in those whose mothers had no education. Kids currently being breastfed have a lower rate of DMF (AIRR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.798, 0.979) by 10% than those who are not currently breastfeeding. Compared with children between the ages of 6–8 months, those between 9 and 11 months (AIRR = 1.55 95% CrI: 1.374, 1.754), 12–17 months (AIRR = 1.72, 95% CrI: 1.543, 1.911), and 18–23 months (AIRR = 95% CrI: 1.90, 1.692, 2.125) had 55, 72 and 90% higher rates of DMF, respectively. In the Afar region (IRR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.615, 0.982), Somalia (AIRR = 0.83, 95% CrI: 0.682, 1.01), Benishangul (AIRR = 0.8, 95% CrI: 0.639, 0.994), Southern nation nationality and people’s region (SNNPR) (AIRR = 0.73, 95% CrI: 0.596, 0.894), and (AIRR = 0.73, 95% CrI: 0.572, 0.925) decrease the daily meal frequency by 33, 17, 20, 27 and 27%, respectively, compared with that of children from Tigray.Conclusion and recommendationThe rate of DMF was low in Ethiopia and exhibited a significant clustering pattern across the country. These findings stress the need for tailored interventions addressing regional inequities, promoting age-specific nutrition, supporting maternal education, and empowering working women to improve children’s nutritional intake and ensure more equitable access to meals across Ethiopia. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-3ea45a214f404af29e12cdef64d0ffb52025-08-20T02:41:03ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652025-07-011310.3389/fpubh.2025.15633921563392Daily meal frequency and its associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia: a Bayesian hierarchical Poisson modelDejen Kahsay Asgedom0Ausman Ahmed Mohammed1Etsay Woldu Anbesu2Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, EthiopiaDepartment of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, EthiopiaDepartment of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, EthiopiaBackgroundInadequate feeding frequency during the early childhood period is responsible for more than two-thirds of global child deaths. Evidence on the rate of daily meal frequency among infants and young children at the national level is crucial for developing targeted interventions to improve feeding practices. Hence, this study aimed to identify factors associated with the rate of daily meal frequency (DMF) among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia.MethodsWe retrieved secondary data from the Kids record (KR) of the Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) dataset. A total of 1,264 children aged 6–23 months were included in the study. A Bayesian hierarchical Poisson model was employed. Model convergence was checked via Rhat, effective sample size, density plots, terrace plots, and autocorrelation plots, and all the results were confirmed. We used the widely applicable information criterion (WAIC) and leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO) for model comparison. The model parameters were estimated via special Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation techniques called Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) and its extension, the no-U-turn sampler (NUTS). An adjusted incidence rate ratio (AIRR) with a 95% credible interval (CrI) in the multivariable model was used to select variables that had a significant association with the rate of daily meal frequency. The data were analyzed via R software version 4.3.1.ResultsThe mean and standard deviation of the DMF were 3.36 and 1.60, respectively. The rate of DMF was 1.17 times greater (AIRR = 1.17, 95% CrI: 0.997, 1.381) in children whose mothers had a secondary/higher educational level than in those whose mothers had no education. Kids currently being breastfed have a lower rate of DMF (AIRR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.798, 0.979) by 10% than those who are not currently breastfeeding. Compared with children between the ages of 6–8 months, those between 9 and 11 months (AIRR = 1.55 95% CrI: 1.374, 1.754), 12–17 months (AIRR = 1.72, 95% CrI: 1.543, 1.911), and 18–23 months (AIRR = 95% CrI: 1.90, 1.692, 2.125) had 55, 72 and 90% higher rates of DMF, respectively. In the Afar region (IRR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.615, 0.982), Somalia (AIRR = 0.83, 95% CrI: 0.682, 1.01), Benishangul (AIRR = 0.8, 95% CrI: 0.639, 0.994), Southern nation nationality and people’s region (SNNPR) (AIRR = 0.73, 95% CrI: 0.596, 0.894), and (AIRR = 0.73, 95% CrI: 0.572, 0.925) decrease the daily meal frequency by 33, 17, 20, 27 and 27%, respectively, compared with that of children from Tigray.Conclusion and recommendationThe rate of DMF was low in Ethiopia and exhibited a significant clustering pattern across the country. These findings stress the need for tailored interventions addressing regional inequities, promoting age-specific nutrition, supporting maternal education, and empowering working women to improve children’s nutritional intake and ensure more equitable access to meals across Ethiopia.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1563392/fullassociated factorsBayesian hierarchical modelchildren 6–23 monthsdaily meal frequencyEthiopia |
| spellingShingle | Dejen Kahsay Asgedom Ausman Ahmed Mohammed Etsay Woldu Anbesu Daily meal frequency and its associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia: a Bayesian hierarchical Poisson model Frontiers in Public Health associated factors Bayesian hierarchical model children 6–23 months daily meal frequency Ethiopia |
| title | Daily meal frequency and its associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia: a Bayesian hierarchical Poisson model |
| title_full | Daily meal frequency and its associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia: a Bayesian hierarchical Poisson model |
| title_fullStr | Daily meal frequency and its associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia: a Bayesian hierarchical Poisson model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Daily meal frequency and its associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia: a Bayesian hierarchical Poisson model |
| title_short | Daily meal frequency and its associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia: a Bayesian hierarchical Poisson model |
| title_sort | daily meal frequency and its associated factors among children aged 6 23 months in ethiopia a bayesian hierarchical poisson model |
| topic | associated factors Bayesian hierarchical model children 6–23 months daily meal frequency Ethiopia |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1563392/full |
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