Burden of autism spectrum disorder in Japan from 1992 to 2021 and its prediction until 2050: results from the GBD study

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, alongside restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior. This study aimed to analyze the temporal trends and project the future burden of ASD in Japan. Using G...

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Main Authors: Jiabo Liu, Xiaoyan Xie, Yunxi Li, Yiqi Pu, Yan Li, Lingling Yang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Psychiatry
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1619085/full
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author Jiabo Liu
Xiaoyan Xie
Yunxi Li
Yiqi Pu
Yan Li
Lingling Yang
author_facet Jiabo Liu
Xiaoyan Xie
Yunxi Li
Yiqi Pu
Yan Li
Lingling Yang
author_sort Jiabo Liu
collection DOAJ
description Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, alongside restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior. This study aimed to analyze the temporal trends and project the future burden of ASD in Japan. Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data, we analyzed prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-standardized rates (ASR) (1992-2021) through age-period-cohort modeling, joinpoint regression, and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) forecasting. Age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) increased significantly (Average Annual Percentage Change [AAPC]=0.2744; 95%CI:0.2606-0.2882), with males disproportionately affected (male-to-female ratio 4:1). By 2050, crude prevalence is projected to decline 14.2%, while ASPR will rise 18.0%. Japan’s ASD burden exceeds global averages, necessitating targeted interventions across the lifespan. These findings highlight the increasing burden of ASD in Japan and underscore the urgent need for enhanced healthcare planning and resource allocation.
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spelling doaj-art-3ea35054bf3d4a1390dc99a59d3708af2025-08-20T02:43:49ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402025-07-011610.3389/fpsyt.2025.16190851619085Burden of autism spectrum disorder in Japan from 1992 to 2021 and its prediction until 2050: results from the GBD studyJiabo Liu0Xiaoyan Xie1Yunxi Li2Yiqi Pu3Yan Li4Lingling Yang5Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Psychology and Sleep Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Psychology and Sleep Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Psychology and Sleep Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Psychology and Sleep Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Psychology and Sleep Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, ChinaAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, alongside restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior. This study aimed to analyze the temporal trends and project the future burden of ASD in Japan. Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data, we analyzed prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-standardized rates (ASR) (1992-2021) through age-period-cohort modeling, joinpoint regression, and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) forecasting. Age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) increased significantly (Average Annual Percentage Change [AAPC]=0.2744; 95%CI:0.2606-0.2882), with males disproportionately affected (male-to-female ratio 4:1). By 2050, crude prevalence is projected to decline 14.2%, while ASPR will rise 18.0%. Japan’s ASD burden exceeds global averages, necessitating targeted interventions across the lifespan. These findings highlight the increasing burden of ASD in Japan and underscore the urgent need for enhanced healthcare planning and resource allocation.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1619085/fullASDGBDprevalenceDALYsAPC/AAPC
spellingShingle Jiabo Liu
Xiaoyan Xie
Yunxi Li
Yiqi Pu
Yan Li
Lingling Yang
Burden of autism spectrum disorder in Japan from 1992 to 2021 and its prediction until 2050: results from the GBD study
Frontiers in Psychiatry
ASD
GBD
prevalence
DALYs
APC/AAPC
title Burden of autism spectrum disorder in Japan from 1992 to 2021 and its prediction until 2050: results from the GBD study
title_full Burden of autism spectrum disorder in Japan from 1992 to 2021 and its prediction until 2050: results from the GBD study
title_fullStr Burden of autism spectrum disorder in Japan from 1992 to 2021 and its prediction until 2050: results from the GBD study
title_full_unstemmed Burden of autism spectrum disorder in Japan from 1992 to 2021 and its prediction until 2050: results from the GBD study
title_short Burden of autism spectrum disorder in Japan from 1992 to 2021 and its prediction until 2050: results from the GBD study
title_sort burden of autism spectrum disorder in japan from 1992 to 2021 and its prediction until 2050 results from the gbd study
topic ASD
GBD
prevalence
DALYs
APC/AAPC
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1619085/full
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