Comprehensive Analysis of Detection Methods for Over-the-counter Codeine: A Systematic Review
Concerns have been raised about how readily available over-the-counter (OTC) codeine formulations may be contributing to the expanding opioid epidemic. Focusing on the analytical methods used to find and measure codeine in various sample types, this systematic review provides a thorough analysis of...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_132_23 |
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| author | Anagha Ravindran Tina Sharma Mahipal Singh Sankhla |
| author_facet | Anagha Ravindran Tina Sharma Mahipal Singh Sankhla |
| author_sort | Anagha Ravindran |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Concerns have been raised about how readily available over-the-counter (OTC) codeine formulations may be contributing to the expanding opioid epidemic. Focusing on the analytical methods used to find and measure codeine in various sample types, this systematic review provides a thorough analysis of OTC codeine abuse and misuse. It also includes case studies that highlight the seriousness of the problem by describing codeine-related deaths and intoxications. A wider view of the issue is provided by the crime statistics in this paper that relate to codeine and related drugs in India from 2017 to 2021. A thorough electronic search covering the years 2012–2022 was carried out from February 2023 to April 2023 to compile this review. Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed were just a few of the search engines used. While crime statistics for India were sourced from the National Crime Records Bureau website, case reports were gathered from the Journal of Medical Case Reports and Wiley Online Library. Studies examining OTC codeine, its abuse, and the analytical methods used for its detection and quantification were all covered by our inclusion criteria. Case reports involving codeine seizures, fatalities, and intoxications were also included, along with review and research papers. On the other hand, studies with little connection to OTC codeine, books, documents, clinical trials, meta-analyses, non-English papers, and publications with only abstracts were disregarded. With the help of this systematic review, we located 531 studies in databases, 83 of which satisfied our inclusion requirements. Our research is organized into sections that cover crime data, case studies of codeine-related overdoses or deaths, and detection methods. For researchers, medical professionals, and policymakers actively engaged in the fight against codeine abuse and the societal harms it causes, this review is an invaluable resource. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3e421b8ad899401fb99e698c79039d55 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2349-5014 2455-0094 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-3e421b8ad899401fb99e698c79039d552025-01-11T10:19:15ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsJournal of Forensic Science and Medicine2349-50142455-00942024-12-0110430932710.4103/jfsm.jfsm_132_23Comprehensive Analysis of Detection Methods for Over-the-counter Codeine: A Systematic ReviewAnagha RavindranTina SharmaMahipal Singh SankhlaConcerns have been raised about how readily available over-the-counter (OTC) codeine formulations may be contributing to the expanding opioid epidemic. Focusing on the analytical methods used to find and measure codeine in various sample types, this systematic review provides a thorough analysis of OTC codeine abuse and misuse. It also includes case studies that highlight the seriousness of the problem by describing codeine-related deaths and intoxications. A wider view of the issue is provided by the crime statistics in this paper that relate to codeine and related drugs in India from 2017 to 2021. A thorough electronic search covering the years 2012–2022 was carried out from February 2023 to April 2023 to compile this review. Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed were just a few of the search engines used. While crime statistics for India were sourced from the National Crime Records Bureau website, case reports were gathered from the Journal of Medical Case Reports and Wiley Online Library. Studies examining OTC codeine, its abuse, and the analytical methods used for its detection and quantification were all covered by our inclusion criteria. Case reports involving codeine seizures, fatalities, and intoxications were also included, along with review and research papers. On the other hand, studies with little connection to OTC codeine, books, documents, clinical trials, meta-analyses, non-English papers, and publications with only abstracts were disregarded. With the help of this systematic review, we located 531 studies in databases, 83 of which satisfied our inclusion requirements. Our research is organized into sections that cover crime data, case studies of codeine-related overdoses or deaths, and detection methods. For researchers, medical professionals, and policymakers actively engaged in the fight against codeine abuse and the societal harms it causes, this review is an invaluable resource.https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_132_23codeinedrug of abuseforensic chemistryforensic sciencegas chromatography-mass spectrometryhigh-pressure liquid chromatographyover-the-counter drugpapaver somniferum |
| spellingShingle | Anagha Ravindran Tina Sharma Mahipal Singh Sankhla Comprehensive Analysis of Detection Methods for Over-the-counter Codeine: A Systematic Review Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine codeine drug of abuse forensic chemistry forensic science gas chromatography-mass spectrometry high-pressure liquid chromatography over-the-counter drug papaver somniferum |
| title | Comprehensive Analysis of Detection Methods for Over-the-counter Codeine: A Systematic Review |
| title_full | Comprehensive Analysis of Detection Methods for Over-the-counter Codeine: A Systematic Review |
| title_fullStr | Comprehensive Analysis of Detection Methods for Over-the-counter Codeine: A Systematic Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comprehensive Analysis of Detection Methods for Over-the-counter Codeine: A Systematic Review |
| title_short | Comprehensive Analysis of Detection Methods for Over-the-counter Codeine: A Systematic Review |
| title_sort | comprehensive analysis of detection methods for over the counter codeine a systematic review |
| topic | codeine drug of abuse forensic chemistry forensic science gas chromatography-mass spectrometry high-pressure liquid chromatography over-the-counter drug papaver somniferum |
| url | https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_132_23 |
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