Residential factors associated with mental health in United States Veterans, Air Force military, and Air Force employees

Individuals in Westernized countries spend most of their time indoors. However, exploration of residential building factors that may influence occupants’ mental health is limited in scientific literature. The purpose of this study was to explore investigator’s perceived areas of importance in reside...

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Main Authors: Andrew J. Hoisington, Christopher A. Stamper, Molly E. Penzenik, Meredith Reitter, Elizabeth J. Kovacs, Nazanin H. Bahraini, Lisa A. Brenner
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Indoor Environments
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362025000323
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author Andrew J. Hoisington
Christopher A. Stamper
Molly E. Penzenik
Meredith Reitter
Elizabeth J. Kovacs
Nazanin H. Bahraini
Lisa A. Brenner
author_facet Andrew J. Hoisington
Christopher A. Stamper
Molly E. Penzenik
Meredith Reitter
Elizabeth J. Kovacs
Nazanin H. Bahraini
Lisa A. Brenner
author_sort Andrew J. Hoisington
collection DOAJ
description Individuals in Westernized countries spend most of their time indoors. However, exploration of residential building factors that may influence occupants’ mental health is limited in scientific literature. The purpose of this study was to explore investigator’s perceived areas of importance in residences to mental health via survey methods. To that end, we administered the Housing, Occupancy, Materials, and Environment (HOME) survey to assess factors that may influence mental health to those working in the United States (US) Air Force (n = 230) or past military members, US Veterans (n = 180). Self-reported mental health surveys were also administered to the Air Force (RAND 36-Item Short-Form) and Veterans (36-Item Short-Form survey version 2, Patient Health Questionnaire-9). The residential question that correlated to the most mental health measures for both groups was an ability to adjust indoor climate, with positive correlations. Other correlations between residential questions and health scores across the two groups were dissimilar, indicating the residential factors of importance to mental health may be variable across an individual’s life. For example, multiple positive correlations between mental health measures and nature in the older Veteran group support robust and support previous results on the importance of nature to older adults. Overall, this study provides a basis for future research and targeted clinical interventions that can quantify and positively impact the home environment and improve mental health outcomes.
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spelling doaj-art-3e2c4b34dc8a4aae8657bad5e270317e2025-08-20T02:02:25ZengElsevierIndoor Environments2950-36202025-06-012210010310.1016/j.indenv.2025.100103Residential factors associated with mental health in United States Veterans, Air Force military, and Air Force employeesAndrew J. Hoisington0Christopher A. Stamper1Molly E. Penzenik2Meredith Reitter3Elizabeth J. Kovacs4Nazanin H. Bahraini5Lisa A. Brenner6Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Systems Engineering & Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA; Corresponding author at: Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky, Mountain Regional VA Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USADepartment of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky, Mountain Regional VA Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USADepartment of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky, Mountain Regional VA Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USADepartment of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma, and Endocrine Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USADepartment of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky, Mountain Regional VA Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USADepartment of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USAIndividuals in Westernized countries spend most of their time indoors. However, exploration of residential building factors that may influence occupants’ mental health is limited in scientific literature. The purpose of this study was to explore investigator’s perceived areas of importance in residences to mental health via survey methods. To that end, we administered the Housing, Occupancy, Materials, and Environment (HOME) survey to assess factors that may influence mental health to those working in the United States (US) Air Force (n = 230) or past military members, US Veterans (n = 180). Self-reported mental health surveys were also administered to the Air Force (RAND 36-Item Short-Form) and Veterans (36-Item Short-Form survey version 2, Patient Health Questionnaire-9). The residential question that correlated to the most mental health measures for both groups was an ability to adjust indoor climate, with positive correlations. Other correlations between residential questions and health scores across the two groups were dissimilar, indicating the residential factors of importance to mental health may be variable across an individual’s life. For example, multiple positive correlations between mental health measures and nature in the older Veteran group support robust and support previous results on the importance of nature to older adults. Overall, this study provides a basis for future research and targeted clinical interventions that can quantify and positively impact the home environment and improve mental health outcomes.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362025000323ResidencesMental HealthSurveyMilitaryIndoor EnvironmentBuilding Quality
spellingShingle Andrew J. Hoisington
Christopher A. Stamper
Molly E. Penzenik
Meredith Reitter
Elizabeth J. Kovacs
Nazanin H. Bahraini
Lisa A. Brenner
Residential factors associated with mental health in United States Veterans, Air Force military, and Air Force employees
Indoor Environments
Residences
Mental Health
Survey
Military
Indoor Environment
Building Quality
title Residential factors associated with mental health in United States Veterans, Air Force military, and Air Force employees
title_full Residential factors associated with mental health in United States Veterans, Air Force military, and Air Force employees
title_fullStr Residential factors associated with mental health in United States Veterans, Air Force military, and Air Force employees
title_full_unstemmed Residential factors associated with mental health in United States Veterans, Air Force military, and Air Force employees
title_short Residential factors associated with mental health in United States Veterans, Air Force military, and Air Force employees
title_sort residential factors associated with mental health in united states veterans air force military and air force employees
topic Residences
Mental Health
Survey
Military
Indoor Environment
Building Quality
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362025000323
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