Optically Referenced Microwave Generator with Attosecond-Level Timing Noise
Microwave sources based on ultrastable lasers and optical frequency combs (OFCs) exhibit ultralow phase noise and ultrahigh-frequency stability, which are important for many applications. Herein, we present a microwave source that is phase-locked to an ultrastable continuous-wave laser, with a relat...
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2025-02-01
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| author | Lulu Yan Jun Ruan Pan Zhang Bingjie Rao Mingkun Li Zhijing Du Shougang Zhang |
| author_facet | Lulu Yan Jun Ruan Pan Zhang Bingjie Rao Mingkun Li Zhijing Du Shougang Zhang |
| author_sort | Lulu Yan |
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| description | Microwave sources based on ultrastable lasers and optical frequency combs (OFCs) exhibit ultralow phase noise and ultrahigh-frequency stability, which are important for many applications. Herein, we present a microwave source that is phase-locked to an ultrastable continuous-wave laser, with a relative frequency instability of 7 × <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>16</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> at 1 s. An Er:fiber-based OFC and an optic-to-electronic converter with low residual noise are employed to confer optical frequency stability on the 9.6 GHz microwave signal. Instead of using the normal cascaded Mach–Zehnder interferometer method, we developed a microwave regeneration method for converting optical pulses into microwave signals to further suppress the additional noise in the optic-to-electronic conversion process. The microwave regeneration method employs an optical-to-microwave phase detector based on a fiber-based Sagnac loop to produce the error signal between a 9.6 GHz dielectric resonator oscillator (DRO) and the OFC. The 9.6 GHz microwave (48th harmonic of the comb’s repetition rate) signal with the frequency stability of the ultrastable laser was achieved using a DRO that was phase-locked to the optical comb. Preliminary evaluations showed that the frequency instability of the frequency synthesizer from the optical to the 9.6 GHz microwave signal was approximately 2 × <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>15</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> at 1 s, the phase noise was <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>106</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> dBc Hz<sup>−1</sup> at 1 Hz, and the timing noise was approximately 9 as Hz<sup>−1/2</sup> (phase noise approx. <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>125</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> dBc Hz<sup>−1</sup>). The 9.6 GHz signal from the photonic microwave source exhibited a short-term relative frequency instability of 2.1 × <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>15</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> at 1 s, which is 1.5 times better than the previous results. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-3dfd4ce61b874d14bad86241d0770a0e2025-08-20T03:12:09ZengMDPI AGPhotonics2304-67322025-02-0112215310.3390/photonics12020153Optically Referenced Microwave Generator with Attosecond-Level Timing NoiseLulu Yan0Jun Ruan1Pan Zhang2Bingjie Rao3Mingkun Li4Zhijing Du5Shougang Zhang6National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, ChinaNational Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, ChinaNational Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, ChinaNational Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, ChinaNational Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, ChinaNational Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, ChinaNational Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, ChinaMicrowave sources based on ultrastable lasers and optical frequency combs (OFCs) exhibit ultralow phase noise and ultrahigh-frequency stability, which are important for many applications. Herein, we present a microwave source that is phase-locked to an ultrastable continuous-wave laser, with a relative frequency instability of 7 × <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>16</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> at 1 s. An Er:fiber-based OFC and an optic-to-electronic converter with low residual noise are employed to confer optical frequency stability on the 9.6 GHz microwave signal. Instead of using the normal cascaded Mach–Zehnder interferometer method, we developed a microwave regeneration method for converting optical pulses into microwave signals to further suppress the additional noise in the optic-to-electronic conversion process. The microwave regeneration method employs an optical-to-microwave phase detector based on a fiber-based Sagnac loop to produce the error signal between a 9.6 GHz dielectric resonator oscillator (DRO) and the OFC. The 9.6 GHz microwave (48th harmonic of the comb’s repetition rate) signal with the frequency stability of the ultrastable laser was achieved using a DRO that was phase-locked to the optical comb. Preliminary evaluations showed that the frequency instability of the frequency synthesizer from the optical to the 9.6 GHz microwave signal was approximately 2 × <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>15</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> at 1 s, the phase noise was <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>106</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> dBc Hz<sup>−1</sup> at 1 Hz, and the timing noise was approximately 9 as Hz<sup>−1/2</sup> (phase noise approx. <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>125</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> dBc Hz<sup>−1</sup>). The 9.6 GHz signal from the photonic microwave source exhibited a short-term relative frequency instability of 2.1 × <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>15</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> at 1 s, which is 1.5 times better than the previous results.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/12/2/153photonic microwave generationultrastable laseroptical frequency comboptical-to-microwave phase detectormicrowave regeneration |
| spellingShingle | Lulu Yan Jun Ruan Pan Zhang Bingjie Rao Mingkun Li Zhijing Du Shougang Zhang Optically Referenced Microwave Generator with Attosecond-Level Timing Noise Photonics photonic microwave generation ultrastable laser optical frequency comb optical-to-microwave phase detector microwave regeneration |
| title | Optically Referenced Microwave Generator with Attosecond-Level Timing Noise |
| title_full | Optically Referenced Microwave Generator with Attosecond-Level Timing Noise |
| title_fullStr | Optically Referenced Microwave Generator with Attosecond-Level Timing Noise |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optically Referenced Microwave Generator with Attosecond-Level Timing Noise |
| title_short | Optically Referenced Microwave Generator with Attosecond-Level Timing Noise |
| title_sort | optically referenced microwave generator with attosecond level timing noise |
| topic | photonic microwave generation ultrastable laser optical frequency comb optical-to-microwave phase detector microwave regeneration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/12/2/153 |
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