Exposure to tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate during adolescence induces testicular toxicity in mice: Autophagy-apoptosis interplay
Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168 = O), a novel organophosphate ester, has been widely utilized and is commonly exposed in various industries, posing significant threats to both ecological systems and public health. Adolescents are in a pivotal stage of development and are probably more...
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| Format: | Article |
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Elsevier
2025-09-01
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| Series: | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325009431 |
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| author | Xiangxiang Chen Lihua Feng Yanan Xia Haoneng Li Faqun Liu Yang’e Li Hengyi Xu Yang Liu |
| author_facet | Xiangxiang Chen Lihua Feng Yanan Xia Haoneng Li Faqun Liu Yang’e Li Hengyi Xu Yang Liu |
| author_sort | Xiangxiang Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168 = O), a novel organophosphate ester, has been widely utilized and is commonly exposed in various industries, posing significant threats to both ecological systems and public health. Adolescents are in a pivotal stage of development and are probably more susceptible to the effects of AO168 = O. In this experiment, 4-week-old male mice were given AO168 = O by daily gavage at doses of 0, 0.7, 7, or 70 μg/kg for 28 days. Then, we took the testes as the research subject and delved into the effects of exposure to AO168 = O during the developmental stage on male reproduction. The results demonstrate that AO168 = O can induce both reproductive and developmental toxicity in adolescent mice, manifesting as testicular structural damage, hormonal disturbances, and spermatogenic impairment. Further research suggested that AO168 = O triggered testicular autophagy by inducing oxidative stress, and finally, the interaction between autophagy and apoptosis resulted in testicular toxicity. Additionally, we found that one potential mechanism by which AO168 = O induces interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in testicular cells may involve activation of the ROS/JNK/Bcl-2 signaling pathway. This study clarifies that AO168 = O induces adverse effects in the male reproductive system during adolescence, highlighting specific reproductive risks in adolescents and providing scientific grounds for systematic health risk assessment. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3dfa8a9cb6d44fc4a116fdb120dc8786 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0147-6513 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| spelling | doaj-art-3dfa8a9cb6d44fc4a116fdb120dc87862025-08-20T03:41:05ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132025-09-0130211859810.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118598Exposure to tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate during adolescence induces testicular toxicity in mice: Autophagy-apoptosis interplayXiangxiang Chen0Lihua Feng1Yanan Xia2Haoneng Li3Faqun Liu4Yang’e Li5Hengyi Xu6Yang Liu7Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, ChinaDepartment of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, ChinaDepartment of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, ChinaDepartment of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, ChinaDepartment of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, ChinaDepartment of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Correspondence to: Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang 330006, China.Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168 = O), a novel organophosphate ester, has been widely utilized and is commonly exposed in various industries, posing significant threats to both ecological systems and public health. Adolescents are in a pivotal stage of development and are probably more susceptible to the effects of AO168 = O. In this experiment, 4-week-old male mice were given AO168 = O by daily gavage at doses of 0, 0.7, 7, or 70 μg/kg for 28 days. Then, we took the testes as the research subject and delved into the effects of exposure to AO168 = O during the developmental stage on male reproduction. The results demonstrate that AO168 = O can induce both reproductive and developmental toxicity in adolescent mice, manifesting as testicular structural damage, hormonal disturbances, and spermatogenic impairment. Further research suggested that AO168 = O triggered testicular autophagy by inducing oxidative stress, and finally, the interaction between autophagy and apoptosis resulted in testicular toxicity. Additionally, we found that one potential mechanism by which AO168 = O induces interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in testicular cells may involve activation of the ROS/JNK/Bcl-2 signaling pathway. This study clarifies that AO168 = O induces adverse effects in the male reproductive system during adolescence, highlighting specific reproductive risks in adolescents and providing scientific grounds for systematic health risk assessment.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325009431Tris(24-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphateAdolescent exposureTesticular toxicityAutophagyApoptosis |
| spellingShingle | Xiangxiang Chen Lihua Feng Yanan Xia Haoneng Li Faqun Liu Yang’e Li Hengyi Xu Yang Liu Exposure to tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate during adolescence induces testicular toxicity in mice: Autophagy-apoptosis interplay Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Tris(2 4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate Adolescent exposure Testicular toxicity Autophagy Apoptosis |
| title | Exposure to tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate during adolescence induces testicular toxicity in mice: Autophagy-apoptosis interplay |
| title_full | Exposure to tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate during adolescence induces testicular toxicity in mice: Autophagy-apoptosis interplay |
| title_fullStr | Exposure to tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate during adolescence induces testicular toxicity in mice: Autophagy-apoptosis interplay |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exposure to tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate during adolescence induces testicular toxicity in mice: Autophagy-apoptosis interplay |
| title_short | Exposure to tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate during adolescence induces testicular toxicity in mice: Autophagy-apoptosis interplay |
| title_sort | exposure to tris 2 4 di tert butylphenyl phosphate during adolescence induces testicular toxicity in mice autophagy apoptosis interplay |
| topic | Tris(2 4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate Adolescent exposure Testicular toxicity Autophagy Apoptosis |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325009431 |
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