Review of Research Progress on the Impact of Submarine Groundwater Discharge on Pockmark Formation and Evolution
Pockmarks are globally distributed geomorphic features exhibiting diverse morphologies. Their geometric characteristics are commonly quantified by the radius-to-depth ratio. The evolutionary process of these features typically follows a cyclical pattern comprising initiation, expansion, stabilizatio...
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| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/6/1070 |
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| author | Zhengrong Zhang Hongxian Shan Xuezhi Feng Zhentian Jia Long Jiang Siming Wang Chaoqi Zhu |
| author_facet | Zhengrong Zhang Hongxian Shan Xuezhi Feng Zhentian Jia Long Jiang Siming Wang Chaoqi Zhu |
| author_sort | Zhengrong Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Pockmarks are globally distributed geomorphic features exhibiting diverse morphologies. Their geometric characteristics are commonly quantified by the radius-to-depth ratio. The evolutionary process of these features typically follows a cyclical pattern comprising initiation, expansion, stabilization, and decline. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), a seasonally modulated land–sea exchange process, exerts a significant influence on the formation and evolution of pockmarks. This influence is mediated through hydrodynamic forcing effects, sediment redistribution, and coupled chemical–biological interactions. This review systematically examines the formation mechanisms, evolutionary patterns, and primary controlling factors of pockmarks induced by SGD. It integrates recent research developments and global case studies to elucidate the dynamic interplay of multiple influencing factors. This study emphasizes the significance of interdisciplinary approaches in marine geological research and identifies key areas for future investigation. These insights aim to enhance risk assessment frameworks for marine hazards and inform marine spatial planning strategies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3ddc3ef44f5d49b186c4c301935e58b5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2077-1312 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-3ddc3ef44f5d49b186c4c301935e58b52025-08-20T03:27:22ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122025-05-01136107010.3390/jmse13061070Review of Research Progress on the Impact of Submarine Groundwater Discharge on Pockmark Formation and EvolutionZhengrong Zhang0Hongxian Shan1Xuezhi Feng2Zhentian Jia3Long Jiang4Siming Wang5Chaoqi Zhu6Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques (MOE), Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, ChinaShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques (MOE), Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, ChinaShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques (MOE), Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, ChinaShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques (MOE), Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, ChinaShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques (MOE), Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, ChinaShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques (MOE), Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, ChinaShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques (MOE), Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, ChinaPockmarks are globally distributed geomorphic features exhibiting diverse morphologies. Their geometric characteristics are commonly quantified by the radius-to-depth ratio. The evolutionary process of these features typically follows a cyclical pattern comprising initiation, expansion, stabilization, and decline. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), a seasonally modulated land–sea exchange process, exerts a significant influence on the formation and evolution of pockmarks. This influence is mediated through hydrodynamic forcing effects, sediment redistribution, and coupled chemical–biological interactions. This review systematically examines the formation mechanisms, evolutionary patterns, and primary controlling factors of pockmarks induced by SGD. It integrates recent research developments and global case studies to elucidate the dynamic interplay of multiple influencing factors. This study emphasizes the significance of interdisciplinary approaches in marine geological research and identifies key areas for future investigation. These insights aim to enhance risk assessment frameworks for marine hazards and inform marine spatial planning strategies.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/6/1070submarine groundwater dischargepockmarksmarine geological hazards |
| spellingShingle | Zhengrong Zhang Hongxian Shan Xuezhi Feng Zhentian Jia Long Jiang Siming Wang Chaoqi Zhu Review of Research Progress on the Impact of Submarine Groundwater Discharge on Pockmark Formation and Evolution Journal of Marine Science and Engineering submarine groundwater discharge pockmarks marine geological hazards |
| title | Review of Research Progress on the Impact of Submarine Groundwater Discharge on Pockmark Formation and Evolution |
| title_full | Review of Research Progress on the Impact of Submarine Groundwater Discharge on Pockmark Formation and Evolution |
| title_fullStr | Review of Research Progress on the Impact of Submarine Groundwater Discharge on Pockmark Formation and Evolution |
| title_full_unstemmed | Review of Research Progress on the Impact of Submarine Groundwater Discharge on Pockmark Formation and Evolution |
| title_short | Review of Research Progress on the Impact of Submarine Groundwater Discharge on Pockmark Formation and Evolution |
| title_sort | review of research progress on the impact of submarine groundwater discharge on pockmark formation and evolution |
| topic | submarine groundwater discharge pockmarks marine geological hazards |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/6/1070 |
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