Advances in 3D and 4D Printing of Soft Robotics and Their Applications

Soft robots inspired by natural organisms exhibit unprecedented deformation abilities for diverse applications leveraging various smart materials, intelligent structures, and actuation principles. At the same time, advancements in 3D printing technology empower contemporary 3D printers with higher r...

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Main Authors: Hao Liu, Changchun Wu, Senyuan Lin, James Lam, Ning Xi, Yonghua Chen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-06-01
Series:Advanced Intelligent Systems
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400699
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author Hao Liu
Changchun Wu
Senyuan Lin
James Lam
Ning Xi
Yonghua Chen
author_facet Hao Liu
Changchun Wu
Senyuan Lin
James Lam
Ning Xi
Yonghua Chen
author_sort Hao Liu
collection DOAJ
description Soft robots inspired by natural organisms exhibit unprecedented deformation abilities for diverse applications leveraging various smart materials, intelligent structures, and actuation principles. At the same time, advancements in 3D printing technology empower contemporary 3D printers with higher resolution, faster printing speed, and a broader selection of materials. The progression of 3D printing technologies offers additional avenues for fabricating soft robots, facilitating their practical utilization, and commercialization. This review summarizes fundamental 3D printing principles, encompassing fused filament fabrication, direct ink writing, vat photopolymerization, material jetting, and selective laser sintering and emphasizing their capabilities in material selection, multimaterial printability, soft robot fabrication, and smart material printing. This article is concluded with applications of 3D‐ and 4D‐printed soft robots and perspective on future designs and fabrication strategies is offered. This article bridges the gaps between soft polymers, 3D printing technologies, soft actuators, and robotic applications, providing guidance for multidisciplinary researchers in the domains of 3D printing and soft robotics.
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id doaj-art-3ddb7b8098b74bf3b97273a890ca4c8a
institution OA Journals
issn 2640-4567
language English
publishDate 2025-06-01
publisher Wiley
record_format Article
series Advanced Intelligent Systems
spelling doaj-art-3ddb7b8098b74bf3b97273a890ca4c8a2025-08-20T02:07:35ZengWileyAdvanced Intelligent Systems2640-45672025-06-0176n/an/a10.1002/aisy.202400699Advances in 3D and 4D Printing of Soft Robotics and Their ApplicationsHao Liu0Changchun Wu1Senyuan Lin2James Lam3Ning Xi4Yonghua Chen5Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 999077 ChinaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 999077 ChinaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 999077 ChinaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 999077 ChinaDepartment of Data and Systems Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 999077 ChinaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 999077 ChinaSoft robots inspired by natural organisms exhibit unprecedented deformation abilities for diverse applications leveraging various smart materials, intelligent structures, and actuation principles. At the same time, advancements in 3D printing technology empower contemporary 3D printers with higher resolution, faster printing speed, and a broader selection of materials. The progression of 3D printing technologies offers additional avenues for fabricating soft robots, facilitating their practical utilization, and commercialization. This review summarizes fundamental 3D printing principles, encompassing fused filament fabrication, direct ink writing, vat photopolymerization, material jetting, and selective laser sintering and emphasizing their capabilities in material selection, multimaterial printability, soft robot fabrication, and smart material printing. This article is concluded with applications of 3D‐ and 4D‐printed soft robots and perspective on future designs and fabrication strategies is offered. This article bridges the gaps between soft polymers, 3D printing technologies, soft actuators, and robotic applications, providing guidance for multidisciplinary researchers in the domains of 3D printing and soft robotics.https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.2024006993D printingadditive manufacturingrobotic applicationssoft actuatorssoft robots
spellingShingle Hao Liu
Changchun Wu
Senyuan Lin
James Lam
Ning Xi
Yonghua Chen
Advances in 3D and 4D Printing of Soft Robotics and Their Applications
Advanced Intelligent Systems
3D printing
additive manufacturing
robotic applications
soft actuators
soft robots
title Advances in 3D and 4D Printing of Soft Robotics and Their Applications
title_full Advances in 3D and 4D Printing of Soft Robotics and Their Applications
title_fullStr Advances in 3D and 4D Printing of Soft Robotics and Their Applications
title_full_unstemmed Advances in 3D and 4D Printing of Soft Robotics and Their Applications
title_short Advances in 3D and 4D Printing of Soft Robotics and Their Applications
title_sort advances in 3d and 4d printing of soft robotics and their applications
topic 3D printing
additive manufacturing
robotic applications
soft actuators
soft robots
url https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400699
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AT jameslam advancesin3dand4dprintingofsoftroboticsandtheirapplications
AT ningxi advancesin3dand4dprintingofsoftroboticsandtheirapplications
AT yonghuachen advancesin3dand4dprintingofsoftroboticsandtheirapplications