Scaling laws of CO2 emissions during global urban expansion

Abstract Continuous urbanisation, rising energy usage, and CO2 emissions challenge global sustainability. Current understanding is fragmented due to regional research differences and conflicting data sources. We used RS and GIS technologies to create a comprehensive dataset on global urban CO2 emiss...

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Main Authors: Zhenshan Yang, Junkang Wu, Xu Shang, Runde Fu, Liou Xie, Quansheng Ge
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-02-01
Series:npj Urban Sustainability
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-024-00172-x
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author Zhenshan Yang
Junkang Wu
Xu Shang
Runde Fu
Liou Xie
Quansheng Ge
author_facet Zhenshan Yang
Junkang Wu
Xu Shang
Runde Fu
Liou Xie
Quansheng Ge
author_sort Zhenshan Yang
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Continuous urbanisation, rising energy usage, and CO2 emissions challenge global sustainability. Current understanding is fragmented due to regional research differences and conflicting data sources. We used RS and GIS technologies to create a comprehensive dataset on global urban CO2 emissions (2000−2020). Besides population and density, we included land area size and physical compactness. Our findings indicate that higher population density may reduce emissions, physical compactness can increase them, and land area size influences emissions more than population size. Thus, strategic planning is essential for emission reduction. We found varied relationships between per capita emissions and population density and between emission intensity and compactness. Different cities face unique challenges based on location and development stage. Developing economies, especially in Africa, face significant challenges as emission scaling shifts from sublinear to superlinear with urbanisation. Large cities should reduce fossil fuel use and adopt eco-friendly technologies, while smaller cities should enhance emission efficiency.
format Article
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institution DOAJ
issn 2661-8001
language English
publishDate 2025-02-01
publisher Nature Portfolio
record_format Article
series npj Urban Sustainability
spelling doaj-art-3dc6a34bb9314076942ee5683ba4bafc2025-08-20T02:48:12ZengNature Portfolionpj Urban Sustainability2661-80012025-02-015111010.1038/s42949-024-00172-xScaling laws of CO2 emissions during global urban expansionZhenshan Yang0Junkang Wu1Xu Shang2Runde Fu3Liou Xie4Quansheng Ge5Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesShaanxi Normal UniversityInstitute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesCenter for Earth and Environmental Science, State University of New York at PlattsburghInstitute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesAbstract Continuous urbanisation, rising energy usage, and CO2 emissions challenge global sustainability. Current understanding is fragmented due to regional research differences and conflicting data sources. We used RS and GIS technologies to create a comprehensive dataset on global urban CO2 emissions (2000−2020). Besides population and density, we included land area size and physical compactness. Our findings indicate that higher population density may reduce emissions, physical compactness can increase them, and land area size influences emissions more than population size. Thus, strategic planning is essential for emission reduction. We found varied relationships between per capita emissions and population density and between emission intensity and compactness. Different cities face unique challenges based on location and development stage. Developing economies, especially in Africa, face significant challenges as emission scaling shifts from sublinear to superlinear with urbanisation. Large cities should reduce fossil fuel use and adopt eco-friendly technologies, while smaller cities should enhance emission efficiency.https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-024-00172-x
spellingShingle Zhenshan Yang
Junkang Wu
Xu Shang
Runde Fu
Liou Xie
Quansheng Ge
Scaling laws of CO2 emissions during global urban expansion
npj Urban Sustainability
title Scaling laws of CO2 emissions during global urban expansion
title_full Scaling laws of CO2 emissions during global urban expansion
title_fullStr Scaling laws of CO2 emissions during global urban expansion
title_full_unstemmed Scaling laws of CO2 emissions during global urban expansion
title_short Scaling laws of CO2 emissions during global urban expansion
title_sort scaling laws of co2 emissions during global urban expansion
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-024-00172-x
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