Progressive damage mechanism of rock-anchoring interface under cyclic impact loading

Abstract Cyclic impacts induce progressive fatigue damage at the rock–anchoring interface, thereby compromising the stability of deep roadway support systems. In this study, the split Hopkinson pressure bar and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were employed to investigate the macro- a...

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Main Authors: Peng Wang, Nong Zhang, Jiaguang Kan, Zhengzheng Xie, Guangzhen Cui, Feng Guo, Chuang Cao, Zhe Xiang, Changliang Han
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14673-x
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author Peng Wang
Nong Zhang
Jiaguang Kan
Zhengzheng Xie
Guangzhen Cui
Feng Guo
Chuang Cao
Zhe Xiang
Changliang Han
author_facet Peng Wang
Nong Zhang
Jiaguang Kan
Zhengzheng Xie
Guangzhen Cui
Feng Guo
Chuang Cao
Zhe Xiang
Changliang Han
author_sort Peng Wang
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Cyclic impacts induce progressive fatigue damage at the rock–anchoring interface, thereby compromising the stability of deep roadway support systems. In this study, the split Hopkinson pressure bar and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were employed to investigate the macro- and micro-scale damage evolution mechanisms of the anchoring interface under varying conditions, including rock type, anchorage angle, and impact air pressure. The results demonstrate that with increasing impact air pressure, both the dynamic compressive strength and average strain rate at the anchoring interface increase. Under cyclic impacts at a constant air pressure, the maximum strain and strain rate increase with each successive impact, while the dynamic compressive strength progressively declines. As the number of impacts accumulates, the total volume of internal pores and pore throats expands, accompanied by a substantial rise in the proportion of large-diameter pores. Changes in elastic potential energy dominate the failure process, which follows a characteristic progression: fissure compression, initiation, propagation, penetration, and final rupture. The observed failure modes include crushing, irregular longitudinal splitting, shear-slip cracking along the interface, and debonding failure. These modes are closely related to the substrate rock strength, interface angle, and impact air pressure. A mismatch in compressive strength and deformation incompatibility between materials were identified as key contributors to failure. Therefore, when selecting anchoring materials, both strength and ductility should be considered to enhance their cooperative load-bearing performance.
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spelling doaj-art-3d70bf4c822149fdb42ad3d77fa235372025-08-20T04:02:46ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115111810.1038/s41598-025-14673-xProgressive damage mechanism of rock-anchoring interface under cyclic impact loadingPeng Wang0Nong Zhang1Jiaguang Kan2Zhengzheng Xie3Guangzhen Cui4Feng Guo5Chuang Cao6Zhe Xiang7Changliang Han8School of Mines, China University of Mining and TechnologySchool of Mines, China University of Mining and TechnologySchool of Mines, China University of Mining and TechnologySchool of Mines, China University of Mining and TechnologySchool of Mines, China University of Mining and TechnologySchool of Mines, China University of Mining and TechnologySchool of Mines, China University of Mining and TechnologySchool of Mines, China University of Mining and TechnologySchool of Mines, China University of Mining and TechnologyAbstract Cyclic impacts induce progressive fatigue damage at the rock–anchoring interface, thereby compromising the stability of deep roadway support systems. In this study, the split Hopkinson pressure bar and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were employed to investigate the macro- and micro-scale damage evolution mechanisms of the anchoring interface under varying conditions, including rock type, anchorage angle, and impact air pressure. The results demonstrate that with increasing impact air pressure, both the dynamic compressive strength and average strain rate at the anchoring interface increase. Under cyclic impacts at a constant air pressure, the maximum strain and strain rate increase with each successive impact, while the dynamic compressive strength progressively declines. As the number of impacts accumulates, the total volume of internal pores and pore throats expands, accompanied by a substantial rise in the proportion of large-diameter pores. Changes in elastic potential energy dominate the failure process, which follows a characteristic progression: fissure compression, initiation, propagation, penetration, and final rupture. The observed failure modes include crushing, irregular longitudinal splitting, shear-slip cracking along the interface, and debonding failure. These modes are closely related to the substrate rock strength, interface angle, and impact air pressure. A mismatch in compressive strength and deformation incompatibility between materials were identified as key contributors to failure. Therefore, when selecting anchoring materials, both strength and ductility should be considered to enhance their cooperative load-bearing performance.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14673-xCyclic impactRock-anchoring interfaceMechanical propertiesFracturing behaviorProgressive failure
spellingShingle Peng Wang
Nong Zhang
Jiaguang Kan
Zhengzheng Xie
Guangzhen Cui
Feng Guo
Chuang Cao
Zhe Xiang
Changliang Han
Progressive damage mechanism of rock-anchoring interface under cyclic impact loading
Scientific Reports
Cyclic impact
Rock-anchoring interface
Mechanical properties
Fracturing behavior
Progressive failure
title Progressive damage mechanism of rock-anchoring interface under cyclic impact loading
title_full Progressive damage mechanism of rock-anchoring interface under cyclic impact loading
title_fullStr Progressive damage mechanism of rock-anchoring interface under cyclic impact loading
title_full_unstemmed Progressive damage mechanism of rock-anchoring interface under cyclic impact loading
title_short Progressive damage mechanism of rock-anchoring interface under cyclic impact loading
title_sort progressive damage mechanism of rock anchoring interface under cyclic impact loading
topic Cyclic impact
Rock-anchoring interface
Mechanical properties
Fracturing behavior
Progressive failure
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14673-x
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