Water Enrichment from Pebble Drift in Disks with Gap-forming Planets
Volatiles like H _2 O are present as ice in solids in the cold outer regions of protoplanetary disks and as vapor in the warm inner regions within the water snow line. Icy pebbles drifting inwards from the outer disk sublimate after crossing the snow line, enriching the inner disk with solid mass an...
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IOP Publishing
2024-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad891d |
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| author | Whittney Easterwood Anusha Kalyaan Andrea Banzatti |
| author_facet | Whittney Easterwood Anusha Kalyaan Andrea Banzatti |
| author_sort | Whittney Easterwood |
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| description | Volatiles like H _2 O are present as ice in solids in the cold outer regions of protoplanetary disks and as vapor in the warm inner regions within the water snow line. Icy pebbles drifting inwards from the outer disk sublimate after crossing the snow line, enriching the inner disk with solid mass and water vapor. Meanwhile, protoplanets forming within the disk open gaps in the disk gas, creating traps against the inward drift of pebbles and in turn reducing water enrichment in the inner disk. Recent disk observations from millimeter interferometry and infrared spectroscopy have supported this broad picture by finding a correlation between the outer radial distribution of pebbles and the properties of inner water vapor spectra. In this work, we aim at further informing previous and future observations by building on previous models to explore pebble drift in disks with multiple gaps. We systematically explore multiple gap locations and their depths (equivalent to the specific masses of planets forming within), and different particle sizes to study their impact on inner disk water enrichment. We find that the presence of close-in deep gaps carved by a Jupiter-mass planet is likely crucial for blocking icy pebble delivery into the inner disk, while planets with lower masses only provide leaky traps. We also find that disks with multiple gaps show lower vapor enrichment in the inner disk. Altogether, these model results support the idea that inner disk water delivery and planet formation are regulated by the mass and location of the most massive planets. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3d5f61e03e694a4fa4d8b0755114c5b3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-3d5f61e03e694a4fa4d8b0755114c5b32024-11-29T09:00:07ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572024-01-0197712110.3847/1538-4357/ad891dWater Enrichment from Pebble Drift in Disks with Gap-forming PlanetsWhittney Easterwood0https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1445-9931Anusha Kalyaan1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5067-1641Andrea Banzatti2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4335-0900Department of Physics, Texas State University , 749 N Comanche St, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA ; weasterwood@uidaho.edu; Department of Physics, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Dr, Moscow, ID 83844, USADepartment of Physics, Texas State University , 749 N Comanche St, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA ; weasterwood@uidaho.eduDepartment of Physics, Texas State University , 749 N Comanche St, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA ; weasterwood@uidaho.eduVolatiles like H _2 O are present as ice in solids in the cold outer regions of protoplanetary disks and as vapor in the warm inner regions within the water snow line. Icy pebbles drifting inwards from the outer disk sublimate after crossing the snow line, enriching the inner disk with solid mass and water vapor. Meanwhile, protoplanets forming within the disk open gaps in the disk gas, creating traps against the inward drift of pebbles and in turn reducing water enrichment in the inner disk. Recent disk observations from millimeter interferometry and infrared spectroscopy have supported this broad picture by finding a correlation between the outer radial distribution of pebbles and the properties of inner water vapor spectra. In this work, we aim at further informing previous and future observations by building on previous models to explore pebble drift in disks with multiple gaps. We systematically explore multiple gap locations and their depths (equivalent to the specific masses of planets forming within), and different particle sizes to study their impact on inner disk water enrichment. We find that the presence of close-in deep gaps carved by a Jupiter-mass planet is likely crucial for blocking icy pebble delivery into the inner disk, while planets with lower masses only provide leaky traps. We also find that disks with multiple gaps show lower vapor enrichment in the inner disk. Altogether, these model results support the idea that inner disk water delivery and planet formation are regulated by the mass and location of the most massive planets.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad891dProtoplanetary disksPlanet formation |
| spellingShingle | Whittney Easterwood Anusha Kalyaan Andrea Banzatti Water Enrichment from Pebble Drift in Disks with Gap-forming Planets The Astrophysical Journal Protoplanetary disks Planet formation |
| title | Water Enrichment from Pebble Drift in Disks with Gap-forming Planets |
| title_full | Water Enrichment from Pebble Drift in Disks with Gap-forming Planets |
| title_fullStr | Water Enrichment from Pebble Drift in Disks with Gap-forming Planets |
| title_full_unstemmed | Water Enrichment from Pebble Drift in Disks with Gap-forming Planets |
| title_short | Water Enrichment from Pebble Drift in Disks with Gap-forming Planets |
| title_sort | water enrichment from pebble drift in disks with gap forming planets |
| topic | Protoplanetary disks Planet formation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad891d |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT whittneyeasterwood waterenrichmentfrompebbledriftindiskswithgapformingplanets AT anushakalyaan waterenrichmentfrompebbledriftindiskswithgapformingplanets AT andreabanzatti waterenrichmentfrompebbledriftindiskswithgapformingplanets |