Co-Design Optimization and Total Cost of Ownership Analysis of an Electric Bus Depot Microgrid with Photovoltaics and Energy Storage Systems
Due to the increasing share of battery electric buses (BEBs) in cities, depots need to be adapted to the increasing load demand. The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into a depot can increase the self-consumption, but optimal sizing is required for a cost-efficient and reliable operati...
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2024-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/24/6233 |
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| author | Boud Verbrugge Thomas Geury Omar Hegazy |
| author_facet | Boud Verbrugge Thomas Geury Omar Hegazy |
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| description | Due to the increasing share of battery electric buses (BEBs) in cities, depots need to be adapted to the increasing load demand. The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into a depot can increase the self-consumption, but optimal sizing is required for a cost-efficient and reliable operation. Accordingly, this paper introduces a co-design optimization framework for a depot microgrid, equipped with photovoltaics (PVs) and an energy storage system (ESS). Three European cities are considered to evaluate the effect of different environmental conditions and electricity prices on the optimal microgrid design. Accurate models of the different subsystems are created to estimate the load demand and the power generation. Different energy management strategies (EMSs), developed to properly control the power flow within the microgrid, are compared in terms of operational costs reduction, one of which was also experimentally validated using a hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) test setup. In addition, the total cost of ownership (TCO) of the depot microgrid is analyzed, showing that an optimally designed depot microgrid can reduce the charging-related expenses for the public transport operator (PTO) by 30% compared to a scenario in which only the distribution grid supplies the BEB depot. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3d4d88c30f734fd2bfb54e183fccd117 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-3d4d88c30f734fd2bfb54e183fccd1172025-08-20T02:55:41ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732024-12-011724623310.3390/en17246233Co-Design Optimization and Total Cost of Ownership Analysis of an Electric Bus Depot Microgrid with Photovoltaics and Energy Storage SystemsBoud Verbrugge0Thomas Geury1Omar Hegazy2MOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, BelgiumMOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, BelgiumMOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, BelgiumDue to the increasing share of battery electric buses (BEBs) in cities, depots need to be adapted to the increasing load demand. The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into a depot can increase the self-consumption, but optimal sizing is required for a cost-efficient and reliable operation. Accordingly, this paper introduces a co-design optimization framework for a depot microgrid, equipped with photovoltaics (PVs) and an energy storage system (ESS). Three European cities are considered to evaluate the effect of different environmental conditions and electricity prices on the optimal microgrid design. Accurate models of the different subsystems are created to estimate the load demand and the power generation. Different energy management strategies (EMSs), developed to properly control the power flow within the microgrid, are compared in terms of operational costs reduction, one of which was also experimentally validated using a hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) test setup. In addition, the total cost of ownership (TCO) of the depot microgrid is analyzed, showing that an optimally designed depot microgrid can reduce the charging-related expenses for the public transport operator (PTO) by 30% compared to a scenario in which only the distribution grid supplies the BEB depot.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/24/6233electric busesdepot chargingDC microgridco-design optimizationenergy managementTCO analysis |
| spellingShingle | Boud Verbrugge Thomas Geury Omar Hegazy Co-Design Optimization and Total Cost of Ownership Analysis of an Electric Bus Depot Microgrid with Photovoltaics and Energy Storage Systems Energies electric buses depot charging DC microgrid co-design optimization energy management TCO analysis |
| title | Co-Design Optimization and Total Cost of Ownership Analysis of an Electric Bus Depot Microgrid with Photovoltaics and Energy Storage Systems |
| title_full | Co-Design Optimization and Total Cost of Ownership Analysis of an Electric Bus Depot Microgrid with Photovoltaics and Energy Storage Systems |
| title_fullStr | Co-Design Optimization and Total Cost of Ownership Analysis of an Electric Bus Depot Microgrid with Photovoltaics and Energy Storage Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Co-Design Optimization and Total Cost of Ownership Analysis of an Electric Bus Depot Microgrid with Photovoltaics and Energy Storage Systems |
| title_short | Co-Design Optimization and Total Cost of Ownership Analysis of an Electric Bus Depot Microgrid with Photovoltaics and Energy Storage Systems |
| title_sort | co design optimization and total cost of ownership analysis of an electric bus depot microgrid with photovoltaics and energy storage systems |
| topic | electric buses depot charging DC microgrid co-design optimization energy management TCO analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/24/6233 |
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