Effects of N-Acetylcysteine and N-Acetylcysteine Amide on Erythrocyte Deformability and Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Lower Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant which works as a free radical scavenger and antiapoptotic agent. N-acetylcysteine-amide (NACA) is a modified form of NAC containing an amide group instead of a carboxyl group of NAC. Our study aims to investigate the effectiveness of these two substances on e...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2020-01-01
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| Series: | Cardiology Research and Practice |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6841835 |
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| author | Gokhan Erol Hakan Kartal Faruk M. Comu Erdem Cetin Ertan Demirdas Huseyin Sicim Celal S. Unal Celalettin Gunay Bilgehan S. Oz Cengiz Bolcal |
| author_facet | Gokhan Erol Hakan Kartal Faruk M. Comu Erdem Cetin Ertan Demirdas Huseyin Sicim Celal S. Unal Celalettin Gunay Bilgehan S. Oz Cengiz Bolcal |
| author_sort | Gokhan Erol |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant which works as a free radical scavenger and antiapoptotic agent. N-acetylcysteine-amide (NACA) is a modified form of NAC containing an amide group instead of a carboxyl group of NAC. Our study aims to investigate the effectiveness of these two substances on erythrocyte deformability and oxidative stress in muscle tissue. Materials and Methods. A total of 24 Wistar albino rats were used in our study. The animals were randomly divided into five groups as control (n: 6), ischemia (n: 6), NAC (n: 6), and NACA (n: 6). In the ischemia, NAC, and NACA groups, 120 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion were achieved by placing nontraumatic vascular clamps across the abdominal aorta. The NAC and NACA groups were administered an injection 30 min before ischemia (100 mg/kg NAC; 100 mg/kg NACA; intravenous). Blood samples were taken from the animals at the end of the ischemic period. The lower extremity gastrocnemius muscle was isolated and stored at −80 degrees to assess the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) values and was analyzed. Results. The erythrocyte deformability index was found to be statistically significantly lower in rats treated with NAC and NACA before ischemia-reperfusion compared to the groups that received only ischemia-reperfusion. In addition, no statistically significant difference was found between the control group and the NAC and NACA groups. The groups receiving NAC and NACA before ischemia exhibited higher total antioxidative status and lower total oxidative status while the oxidative stress index was also lower. Conclusion. The results of our study demonstrated the protective effects of NAC and NACA on erythrocyte deformability and oxidative damage in skeletal muscle in lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion. NAC and NACA exhibited similar protective effects on oxidative damage and erythrocyte deformability. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3d420a930f7e4560bd1509482f19f824 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2090-8016 2090-0597 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cardiology Research and Practice |
| spelling | doaj-art-3d420a930f7e4560bd1509482f19f8242025-02-03T01:04:47ZengWileyCardiology Research and Practice2090-80162090-05972020-01-01202010.1155/2020/68418356841835Effects of N-Acetylcysteine and N-Acetylcysteine Amide on Erythrocyte Deformability and Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Lower Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion InjuryGokhan Erol0Hakan Kartal1Faruk M. Comu2Erdem Cetin3Ertan Demirdas4Huseyin Sicim5Celal S. Unal6Celalettin Gunay7Bilgehan S. Oz8Cengiz Bolcal9Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Physiology, Kırıkkale University Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale, TurkeyDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Karabük Training and Research Hospital, Karabük, TurkeyDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Karabük Training and Research Hospital, Karabük, TurkeyDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyN-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant which works as a free radical scavenger and antiapoptotic agent. N-acetylcysteine-amide (NACA) is a modified form of NAC containing an amide group instead of a carboxyl group of NAC. Our study aims to investigate the effectiveness of these two substances on erythrocyte deformability and oxidative stress in muscle tissue. Materials and Methods. A total of 24 Wistar albino rats were used in our study. The animals were randomly divided into five groups as control (n: 6), ischemia (n: 6), NAC (n: 6), and NACA (n: 6). In the ischemia, NAC, and NACA groups, 120 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion were achieved by placing nontraumatic vascular clamps across the abdominal aorta. The NAC and NACA groups were administered an injection 30 min before ischemia (100 mg/kg NAC; 100 mg/kg NACA; intravenous). Blood samples were taken from the animals at the end of the ischemic period. The lower extremity gastrocnemius muscle was isolated and stored at −80 degrees to assess the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) values and was analyzed. Results. The erythrocyte deformability index was found to be statistically significantly lower in rats treated with NAC and NACA before ischemia-reperfusion compared to the groups that received only ischemia-reperfusion. In addition, no statistically significant difference was found between the control group and the NAC and NACA groups. The groups receiving NAC and NACA before ischemia exhibited higher total antioxidative status and lower total oxidative status while the oxidative stress index was also lower. Conclusion. The results of our study demonstrated the protective effects of NAC and NACA on erythrocyte deformability and oxidative damage in skeletal muscle in lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion. NAC and NACA exhibited similar protective effects on oxidative damage and erythrocyte deformability.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6841835 |
| spellingShingle | Gokhan Erol Hakan Kartal Faruk M. Comu Erdem Cetin Ertan Demirdas Huseyin Sicim Celal S. Unal Celalettin Gunay Bilgehan S. Oz Cengiz Bolcal Effects of N-Acetylcysteine and N-Acetylcysteine Amide on Erythrocyte Deformability and Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Lower Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Cardiology Research and Practice |
| title | Effects of N-Acetylcysteine and N-Acetylcysteine Amide on Erythrocyte Deformability and Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Lower Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury |
| title_full | Effects of N-Acetylcysteine and N-Acetylcysteine Amide on Erythrocyte Deformability and Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Lower Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury |
| title_fullStr | Effects of N-Acetylcysteine and N-Acetylcysteine Amide on Erythrocyte Deformability and Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Lower Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of N-Acetylcysteine and N-Acetylcysteine Amide on Erythrocyte Deformability and Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Lower Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury |
| title_short | Effects of N-Acetylcysteine and N-Acetylcysteine Amide on Erythrocyte Deformability and Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Lower Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury |
| title_sort | effects of n acetylcysteine and n acetylcysteine amide on erythrocyte deformability and oxidative stress in a rat model of lower extremity ischemia reperfusion injury |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6841835 |
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