Quantifying blistering on Vajrasana pagoda using complementary in-situ non-destructive techniques

Abstract Blistering is a common yet under-quantified form of decay in historic stonework, progressively causing surface spalling and threatening structural integrity. Current in-situ surveys often rely on a single investigative technique and therefore miss either early-stage subsurface instabilities...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Yao Zhang, Bo Li, Ziyi Cai, Hong Guo, Xiang He
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer Nature 2025-07-01
Series:Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05369-8
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