Quantifying blistering on Vajrasana pagoda using complementary in-situ non-destructive techniques
Abstract Blistering is a common yet under-quantified form of decay in historic stonework, progressively causing surface spalling and threatening structural integrity. Current in-situ surveys often rely on a single investigative technique and therefore miss either early-stage subsurface instabilities...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer Nature
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Humanities & Social Sciences Communications |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05369-8 |
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| author | Yao Zhang Bo Li Ziyi Cai Hong Guo Xiang He |
| author_facet | Yao Zhang Bo Li Ziyi Cai Hong Guo Xiang He |
| author_sort | Yao Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Blistering is a common yet under-quantified form of decay in historic stonework, progressively causing surface spalling and threatening structural integrity. Current in-situ surveys often rely on a single investigative technique and therefore miss either early-stage subsurface instabilities or precise surface metrics. This study employed a complementary approach combining field observations with infrared thermography (IRT) and three-dimensional laser scanning to examine the blistering on the Vajrasana pagoda at Miaozhan Temple, built in 1458 during the Ming dynasty. Time-sequenced thermograms captured thermal dynamics, and principal component thermography (PCT) sharpened blistering boundaries, exposing incipient delamination. The laser scans, acquired at 0.204 mm point spacing, yielded detailed morphology and enabled direct calculation of blistering area, volume, and deformation height. Fusing the thermal data with the 3D mesh produced a thermographic model that visualizes both heat anomalies and surface protrusions. Finite element modeling (FEM) derived from this mesh predicted stress concentrations along the blister upper edges, identifying zones most prone to fracture. The data from both methods were consistent and complementary, providing a comprehensive foundation for the preservation and restoration of the Vajrasana pagoda. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3d41f10d0b394eccb758b102a0e77e96 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2662-9992 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Springer Nature |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Humanities & Social Sciences Communications |
| spelling | doaj-art-3d41f10d0b394eccb758b102a0e77e962025-08-20T03:03:27ZengSpringer NatureHumanities & Social Sciences Communications2662-99922025-07-0112111210.1057/s41599-025-05369-8Quantifying blistering on Vajrasana pagoda using complementary in-situ non-destructive techniquesYao Zhang0Bo Li1Ziyi Cai2Hong Guo3Xiang He4Peking UniversityUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingYunnan Wutong Walking Silver Cultural Industry Co., LtdUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingAbstract Blistering is a common yet under-quantified form of decay in historic stonework, progressively causing surface spalling and threatening structural integrity. Current in-situ surveys often rely on a single investigative technique and therefore miss either early-stage subsurface instabilities or precise surface metrics. This study employed a complementary approach combining field observations with infrared thermography (IRT) and three-dimensional laser scanning to examine the blistering on the Vajrasana pagoda at Miaozhan Temple, built in 1458 during the Ming dynasty. Time-sequenced thermograms captured thermal dynamics, and principal component thermography (PCT) sharpened blistering boundaries, exposing incipient delamination. The laser scans, acquired at 0.204 mm point spacing, yielded detailed morphology and enabled direct calculation of blistering area, volume, and deformation height. Fusing the thermal data with the 3D mesh produced a thermographic model that visualizes both heat anomalies and surface protrusions. Finite element modeling (FEM) derived from this mesh predicted stress concentrations along the blister upper edges, identifying zones most prone to fracture. The data from both methods were consistent and complementary, providing a comprehensive foundation for the preservation and restoration of the Vajrasana pagoda.https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05369-8 |
| spellingShingle | Yao Zhang Bo Li Ziyi Cai Hong Guo Xiang He Quantifying blistering on Vajrasana pagoda using complementary in-situ non-destructive techniques Humanities & Social Sciences Communications |
| title | Quantifying blistering on Vajrasana pagoda using complementary in-situ non-destructive techniques |
| title_full | Quantifying blistering on Vajrasana pagoda using complementary in-situ non-destructive techniques |
| title_fullStr | Quantifying blistering on Vajrasana pagoda using complementary in-situ non-destructive techniques |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantifying blistering on Vajrasana pagoda using complementary in-situ non-destructive techniques |
| title_short | Quantifying blistering on Vajrasana pagoda using complementary in-situ non-destructive techniques |
| title_sort | quantifying blistering on vajrasana pagoda using complementary in situ non destructive techniques |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05369-8 |
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