Modeling the Leaching of Cobalt and Manganese from Submarine Ferromanganese Crusts by Adding Steel Scrap Using Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology
Due to the scarcity of high-grade minerals on the Earth’s surface and the ever-increasing demand for critical metals required in the production of clean energy, the search for alternative sources has become essential. Ferromanganese crusts, a mineral resource located in the depths of the ocean, cont...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Kevin Pérez Norman Toro Mauricio Mura Manuel Saldana Felipe M. Galleguillos Madrid Iván Salazar Francisco Javier González Egidio Marino Jonathan Castillo Ignacio Castillo Pía C. Hernández |
| author_facet | Kevin Pérez Norman Toro Mauricio Mura Manuel Saldana Felipe M. Galleguillos Madrid Iván Salazar Francisco Javier González Egidio Marino Jonathan Castillo Ignacio Castillo Pía C. Hernández |
| author_sort | Kevin Pérez |
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| description | Due to the scarcity of high-grade minerals on the Earth’s surface and the ever-increasing demand for critical metals required in the production of clean energy, the search for alternative sources has become essential. Ferromanganese crusts, a mineral resource located in the depths of the ocean, contain high concentrations of valuable metals, particularly cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn). A leaching process using sulfuric acid, with the addition of steel scrap, has been proposed for processing this resource. The study investigated the extraction of manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co) under acidic conditions at 25 °C, employing a factorial experimental analysis. Statistical models were adjusted using response surface methodology to evaluate the effects of time and the ferromanganese crust/Fe(res) (iron residue) ratio as predictive variables. The results demonstrated that the extraction of Mn and Co could be effectively modeled through multiple regression, with strong goodness-of-fit indicators. Optimal extraction was achieved at extended durations (30 min) and lower ferromanganese crust/Fe(res) ratios (1/3) for the sampled values. Gradient analysis revealed that extraction efficiency was directly proportional to time and inversely proportional to the ferromanganese crust/Fe(res) ratio, except in the case of Co extraction at higher durations and lower ratio levels. Additionally, no precipitation of Mn or Co species was observed in the analyzed residues. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3d3f9e08659f4b5f9e979dd17e6c2a8d |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-3d3f9e08659f4b5f9e979dd17e6c2a8d2025-08-20T02:48:01ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-01-01153115510.3390/app15031155Modeling the Leaching of Cobalt and Manganese from Submarine Ferromanganese Crusts by Adding Steel Scrap Using Design of Experiments and Response Surface MethodologyKevin Pérez0Norman Toro1Mauricio Mura2Manuel Saldana3Felipe M. Galleguillos Madrid4Iván Salazar5Francisco Javier González6Egidio Marino7Jonathan Castillo8Ignacio Castillo9Pía C. Hernández10Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Procesos de Minerales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, ChileFaculty of Engineering and Architecture, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1110939, ChileFaculty of Engineering and Architecture, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1110939, ChileFaculty of Engineering and Architecture, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1110939, ChileCentro de Desarrollo Energético Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, ChileDepartamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1270709, ChileInstituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME-CSIC), Ríos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, SpainInstituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME-CSIC), Ríos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, SpainDepartamento de Ingeniería en Metalurgia, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó 1531772, ChileFaculty of Engineering and Architecture, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1110939, ChileDepartamento de Ingeniería Química y Procesos de Minerales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, ChileDue to the scarcity of high-grade minerals on the Earth’s surface and the ever-increasing demand for critical metals required in the production of clean energy, the search for alternative sources has become essential. Ferromanganese crusts, a mineral resource located in the depths of the ocean, contain high concentrations of valuable metals, particularly cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn). A leaching process using sulfuric acid, with the addition of steel scrap, has been proposed for processing this resource. The study investigated the extraction of manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co) under acidic conditions at 25 °C, employing a factorial experimental analysis. Statistical models were adjusted using response surface methodology to evaluate the effects of time and the ferromanganese crust/Fe(res) (iron residue) ratio as predictive variables. The results demonstrated that the extraction of Mn and Co could be effectively modeled through multiple regression, with strong goodness-of-fit indicators. Optimal extraction was achieved at extended durations (30 min) and lower ferromanganese crust/Fe(res) ratios (1/3) for the sampled values. Gradient analysis revealed that extraction efficiency was directly proportional to time and inversely proportional to the ferromanganese crust/Fe(res) ratio, except in the case of Co extraction at higher durations and lower ratio levels. Additionally, no precipitation of Mn or Co species was observed in the analyzed residues.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/3/1155leachingdeep-sea miningoptimizationcrusts |
| spellingShingle | Kevin Pérez Norman Toro Mauricio Mura Manuel Saldana Felipe M. Galleguillos Madrid Iván Salazar Francisco Javier González Egidio Marino Jonathan Castillo Ignacio Castillo Pía C. Hernández Modeling the Leaching of Cobalt and Manganese from Submarine Ferromanganese Crusts by Adding Steel Scrap Using Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology Applied Sciences leaching deep-sea mining optimization crusts |
| title | Modeling the Leaching of Cobalt and Manganese from Submarine Ferromanganese Crusts by Adding Steel Scrap Using Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology |
| title_full | Modeling the Leaching of Cobalt and Manganese from Submarine Ferromanganese Crusts by Adding Steel Scrap Using Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology |
| title_fullStr | Modeling the Leaching of Cobalt and Manganese from Submarine Ferromanganese Crusts by Adding Steel Scrap Using Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modeling the Leaching of Cobalt and Manganese from Submarine Ferromanganese Crusts by Adding Steel Scrap Using Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology |
| title_short | Modeling the Leaching of Cobalt and Manganese from Submarine Ferromanganese Crusts by Adding Steel Scrap Using Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology |
| title_sort | modeling the leaching of cobalt and manganese from submarine ferromanganese crusts by adding steel scrap using design of experiments and response surface methodology |
| topic | leaching deep-sea mining optimization crusts |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/3/1155 |
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