Risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans development in children after Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: a retrospective study of 981 patients

Abstract Background Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a rare and severe chronic pulmonary condition in children following an injury to lower respiratory tract lesion. Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is the second etiology of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO). The aim of this study...

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Main Authors: Weihan Xu, Heng Wang, Xiaohui Wen, Haiming Yang, Shunying Zhao, Jinrong Liu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-03-01
Series:Italian Journal of Pediatrics
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-025-01932-w
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author Weihan Xu
Heng Wang
Xiaohui Wen
Haiming Yang
Shunying Zhao
Jinrong Liu
author_facet Weihan Xu
Heng Wang
Xiaohui Wen
Haiming Yang
Shunying Zhao
Jinrong Liu
author_sort Weihan Xu
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a rare and severe chronic pulmonary condition in children following an injury to lower respiratory tract lesion. Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is the second etiology of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO). The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for PIBO development in children after M. pneumoniae pneumonia. Methods This retrospective study enrolled 981 children admitted to Beijing children’s hospital due to M. pneumoniae pneumonia between January 2016 and December 2022. The medical records of the PIBO and non-PIBO groups, including demographic, clinical, radiologic, and laboratory data were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression to reveal PIBO development-associated risk factors. Results Seventy-two of the study patients developed PIBO after M. pneumoniae pneumonia. Multivariate analysis showed that large lobar consolidation (OR 4.06, 95% CI 1.18–14.03), diffuse bronchiolitis (OR 11.78, 95% CI 3.28–42.22), co-infection (OR 3.65, 95% CI 1.60–8.33), atopic conditions (OR 12.32, 95% CI 5.2–29.11), bronchial mucus plug (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.10–5.58), CPR (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00–1.02), mechanical ventilation (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.00–8.67), and duration of fever (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.05–1.37) were significantly associated with development of PIBO after M. pneumoniae pneumonia. Conclusions In children with M. pneumoniae pneumonia, large lobar consolidation, diffuse bronchiolitis, co-infections, atopic conditions, bronchial mucus plug, CRP, mechanical ventilation, and duration of fever appeared as prominent independent risk factors for PIBO. Timely application of HRCT could provide a basis for the early prediction of PIBO development in children.
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spelling doaj-art-3c3f125f0f784cd5a5dd30bfd950030f2025-08-20T01:54:22ZengBMCItalian Journal of Pediatrics1824-72882025-03-015111910.1186/s13052-025-01932-wRisk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans development in children after Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: a retrospective study of 981 patientsWeihan Xu0Heng Wang1Xiaohui Wen2Haiming Yang3Shunying Zhao4Jinrong Liu5Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Children’S Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’S Health, China National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory DiseaseDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Children’S Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’S Health, China National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory DiseaseDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Children’S Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’S Health, China National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory DiseaseDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Children’S Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’S Health, China National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory DiseaseDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Children’S Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’S Health, China National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory DiseaseDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Children’S Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’S Health, China National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory DiseaseAbstract Background Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a rare and severe chronic pulmonary condition in children following an injury to lower respiratory tract lesion. Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is the second etiology of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO). The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for PIBO development in children after M. pneumoniae pneumonia. Methods This retrospective study enrolled 981 children admitted to Beijing children’s hospital due to M. pneumoniae pneumonia between January 2016 and December 2022. The medical records of the PIBO and non-PIBO groups, including demographic, clinical, radiologic, and laboratory data were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression to reveal PIBO development-associated risk factors. Results Seventy-two of the study patients developed PIBO after M. pneumoniae pneumonia. Multivariate analysis showed that large lobar consolidation (OR 4.06, 95% CI 1.18–14.03), diffuse bronchiolitis (OR 11.78, 95% CI 3.28–42.22), co-infection (OR 3.65, 95% CI 1.60–8.33), atopic conditions (OR 12.32, 95% CI 5.2–29.11), bronchial mucus plug (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.10–5.58), CPR (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00–1.02), mechanical ventilation (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.00–8.67), and duration of fever (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.05–1.37) were significantly associated with development of PIBO after M. pneumoniae pneumonia. Conclusions In children with M. pneumoniae pneumonia, large lobar consolidation, diffuse bronchiolitis, co-infections, atopic conditions, bronchial mucus plug, CRP, mechanical ventilation, and duration of fever appeared as prominent independent risk factors for PIBO. Timely application of HRCT could provide a basis for the early prediction of PIBO development in children.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-025-01932-wMycoplasma pneumoniaePost-infectious bronchiolitis ObliteransChildrenHRCTRisk factors
spellingShingle Weihan Xu
Heng Wang
Xiaohui Wen
Haiming Yang
Shunying Zhao
Jinrong Liu
Risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans development in children after Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: a retrospective study of 981 patients
Italian Journal of Pediatrics
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Post-infectious bronchiolitis Obliterans
Children
HRCT
Risk factors
title Risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans development in children after Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: a retrospective study of 981 patients
title_full Risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans development in children after Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: a retrospective study of 981 patients
title_fullStr Risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans development in children after Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: a retrospective study of 981 patients
title_full_unstemmed Risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans development in children after Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: a retrospective study of 981 patients
title_short Risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans development in children after Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: a retrospective study of 981 patients
title_sort risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans development in children after mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia a retrospective study of 981 patients
topic Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Post-infectious bronchiolitis Obliterans
Children
HRCT
Risk factors
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-025-01932-w
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