Heat Treatment-Driven Structural and Morphological Transformation Under Non-Parametric Tests on Metal–Ceramic-Sputtered Coatings
The present study analyzes experimental data using qualitative and quantitative methods to identify significant statistical changes. These methods were employed to evaluate the results from the structural characterization of annealed TiWN and TiWC coatings elaborated by magnetron sputtering. The as-...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-03-01
|
| Series: | Ceramics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6131/8/1/25 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850186299206533120 |
|---|---|
| author | Federico Gamboa-Soto Roberto Bautista-García Diana I. Llanes-Gil López Juan E. Bermea René Tinoco Mendiola Sion F. Olive-Méndez Andrés González-Hernández |
| author_facet | Federico Gamboa-Soto Roberto Bautista-García Diana I. Llanes-Gil López Juan E. Bermea René Tinoco Mendiola Sion F. Olive-Méndez Andrés González-Hernández |
| author_sort | Federico Gamboa-Soto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present study analyzes experimental data using qualitative and quantitative methods to identify significant statistical changes. These methods were employed to evaluate the results from the structural characterization of annealed TiWN and TiWC coatings elaborated by magnetron sputtering. The as-grown coatings were thermally treated at 500 °C in a furnace under an Ar atmosphere. Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and optical and electronic microscopy. The chemical composition was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis (K-W) and Spearman correlation tests as non-parametric methods, employing free statistical software. The response variable—the crystallite size calculated through the Scherrer formula—is statistically tested. The data of the crystallite size of each sample were forecasted using the simple moving average (SMA) method to increase the number of data points of each sample to 12. The crystallite size of each sample remained unchanged before and after thermal treatment. However, microscopy analyses revealed strong surface cracking. The average crystallite size before and after the thermal treatment was analyzed by the K-W correlation, revealing significant changes considering a reliability level of 95% and a significance error of 5%. The analysis revealed a strong correlation between experimental data and statistical treatment results. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3c1f34afdbdb486a990c61abdb4cefdf |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2571-6131 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ceramics |
| spelling | doaj-art-3c1f34afdbdb486a990c61abdb4cefdf2025-08-20T02:16:22ZengMDPI AGCeramics2571-61312025-03-01812510.3390/ceramics8010025Heat Treatment-Driven Structural and Morphological Transformation Under Non-Parametric Tests on Metal–Ceramic-Sputtered CoatingsFederico Gamboa-Soto0Roberto Bautista-García1Diana I. Llanes-Gil López2Juan E. Bermea3René Tinoco Mendiola4Sion F. Olive-Méndez5Andrés González-Hernández6GI Research Group, Engineering Faculty, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Tampico 87000, MexicoIMA Research Group, Engineering Faculty, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Tampico 87000, MexicoTecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Altamira, Altamira 89602, MexicoGI Research Group, Engineering Faculty, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Tampico 87000, MexicoGI Research Group, Engineering Faculty, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Tampico 87000, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua 31136, MexicoIMA Research Group, Engineering Faculty, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Tampico 87000, MexicoThe present study analyzes experimental data using qualitative and quantitative methods to identify significant statistical changes. These methods were employed to evaluate the results from the structural characterization of annealed TiWN and TiWC coatings elaborated by magnetron sputtering. The as-grown coatings were thermally treated at 500 °C in a furnace under an Ar atmosphere. Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and optical and electronic microscopy. The chemical composition was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis (K-W) and Spearman correlation tests as non-parametric methods, employing free statistical software. The response variable—the crystallite size calculated through the Scherrer formula—is statistically tested. The data of the crystallite size of each sample were forecasted using the simple moving average (SMA) method to increase the number of data points of each sample to 12. The crystallite size of each sample remained unchanged before and after thermal treatment. However, microscopy analyses revealed strong surface cracking. The average crystallite size before and after the thermal treatment was analyzed by the K-W correlation, revealing significant changes considering a reliability level of 95% and a significance error of 5%. The analysis revealed a strong correlation between experimental data and statistical treatment results.https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6131/8/1/25significance changecoatingtreatmentstatistical non-parametric |
| spellingShingle | Federico Gamboa-Soto Roberto Bautista-García Diana I. Llanes-Gil López Juan E. Bermea René Tinoco Mendiola Sion F. Olive-Méndez Andrés González-Hernández Heat Treatment-Driven Structural and Morphological Transformation Under Non-Parametric Tests on Metal–Ceramic-Sputtered Coatings Ceramics significance change coating treatment statistical non-parametric |
| title | Heat Treatment-Driven Structural and Morphological Transformation Under Non-Parametric Tests on Metal–Ceramic-Sputtered Coatings |
| title_full | Heat Treatment-Driven Structural and Morphological Transformation Under Non-Parametric Tests on Metal–Ceramic-Sputtered Coatings |
| title_fullStr | Heat Treatment-Driven Structural and Morphological Transformation Under Non-Parametric Tests on Metal–Ceramic-Sputtered Coatings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Heat Treatment-Driven Structural and Morphological Transformation Under Non-Parametric Tests on Metal–Ceramic-Sputtered Coatings |
| title_short | Heat Treatment-Driven Structural and Morphological Transformation Under Non-Parametric Tests on Metal–Ceramic-Sputtered Coatings |
| title_sort | heat treatment driven structural and morphological transformation under non parametric tests on metal ceramic sputtered coatings |
| topic | significance change coating treatment statistical non-parametric |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6131/8/1/25 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT federicogamboasoto heattreatmentdrivenstructuralandmorphologicaltransformationundernonparametrictestsonmetalceramicsputteredcoatings AT robertobautistagarcia heattreatmentdrivenstructuralandmorphologicaltransformationundernonparametrictestsonmetalceramicsputteredcoatings AT dianaillanesgillopez heattreatmentdrivenstructuralandmorphologicaltransformationundernonparametrictestsonmetalceramicsputteredcoatings AT juanebermea heattreatmentdrivenstructuralandmorphologicaltransformationundernonparametrictestsonmetalceramicsputteredcoatings AT renetinocomendiola heattreatmentdrivenstructuralandmorphologicaltransformationundernonparametrictestsonmetalceramicsputteredcoatings AT sionfolivemendez heattreatmentdrivenstructuralandmorphologicaltransformationundernonparametrictestsonmetalceramicsputteredcoatings AT andresgonzalezhernandez heattreatmentdrivenstructuralandmorphologicaltransformationundernonparametrictestsonmetalceramicsputteredcoatings |