Prediction of the Ecological Behavior of <i>Burkholderia gladiolus</i> in Fresh Wet Rice Noodles at Different Temperatures and Its Correlation with Quality Changes

<i>Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans</i> (BGC) is a highly lethal foodborne pathogen responsible for outbreaks of food poisoning with the highest recorded mortality rates among bacterial foodborne illnesses in China. In this study, the ecological behavior of BGC and its Bongkre...

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Main Authors: Mengmeng Li, Ke Xiong, Wen Jin, Yumeng Hu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Foods
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/8/1291
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author Mengmeng Li
Ke Xiong
Wen Jin
Yumeng Hu
author_facet Mengmeng Li
Ke Xiong
Wen Jin
Yumeng Hu
author_sort Mengmeng Li
collection DOAJ
description <i>Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans</i> (BGC) is a highly lethal foodborne pathogen responsible for outbreaks of food poisoning with the highest recorded mortality rates among bacterial foodborne illnesses in China. In this study, the ecological behavior of BGC and its Bongkrekic Acid (BA) production dynamics in fresh wet rice noodles (FWRN) were investigated under isothermal conditions ranging from 4 °C to 37 °C. Growth kinetics were modeled using the Huang, Baranyi, and modified Gompertz primary models, with secondary models (Huang square root model and Ratkowsky square root model) describing the influence of temperature on growth parameters. Among these, the Huang–Huang model combination exhibited the best performance, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.009 and bias factor (<i>B<sub>f</sub></i>) and accuracy factor (<i>A<sub>f</sub></i>) values close to 1. Additionally, we examined the impact of BGC contamination on the quality attributes of FWRN, including pH, color (L*, a*, b*), hardness, and moisture content. The results indicated that BGC growth significantly increased pH and yellowing (b*) values, while changes in texture and moisture were less pronounced. A probabilistic model was further developed to predict BA production under various temperature scenarios, revealing that BA formation was most likely to occur between 24 °C and 30 °C. While this study provides valuable predictive tools for microbial risk assessment and quality control of FWRN, limitations include the exclusion of additional environmental factors such as oxygen and relative humidity, as well as the lack of direct investigation into the degradation behavior of BA. Future research will expand model parameters and include sensory evaluations and advanced microbiological analyses to enhance applicability under real-world storage and transportation conditions.
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spelling doaj-art-3c1e156b196d4353bbaaabb25a07236a2025-08-20T02:17:14ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582025-04-01148129110.3390/foods14081291Prediction of the Ecological Behavior of <i>Burkholderia gladiolus</i> in Fresh Wet Rice Noodles at Different Temperatures and Its Correlation with Quality ChangesMengmeng Li0Ke Xiong1Wen Jin2Yumeng Hu3Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, ChinaBeijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, ChinaBeijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, ChinaBeijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China<i>Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans</i> (BGC) is a highly lethal foodborne pathogen responsible for outbreaks of food poisoning with the highest recorded mortality rates among bacterial foodborne illnesses in China. In this study, the ecological behavior of BGC and its Bongkrekic Acid (BA) production dynamics in fresh wet rice noodles (FWRN) were investigated under isothermal conditions ranging from 4 °C to 37 °C. Growth kinetics were modeled using the Huang, Baranyi, and modified Gompertz primary models, with secondary models (Huang square root model and Ratkowsky square root model) describing the influence of temperature on growth parameters. Among these, the Huang–Huang model combination exhibited the best performance, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.009 and bias factor (<i>B<sub>f</sub></i>) and accuracy factor (<i>A<sub>f</sub></i>) values close to 1. Additionally, we examined the impact of BGC contamination on the quality attributes of FWRN, including pH, color (L*, a*, b*), hardness, and moisture content. The results indicated that BGC growth significantly increased pH and yellowing (b*) values, while changes in texture and moisture were less pronounced. A probabilistic model was further developed to predict BA production under various temperature scenarios, revealing that BA formation was most likely to occur between 24 °C and 30 °C. While this study provides valuable predictive tools for microbial risk assessment and quality control of FWRN, limitations include the exclusion of additional environmental factors such as oxygen and relative humidity, as well as the lack of direct investigation into the degradation behavior of BA. Future research will expand model parameters and include sensory evaluations and advanced microbiological analyses to enhance applicability under real-world storage and transportation conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/8/1291Bongkrekic Acidfood safetygrowth dynamicsprobabilistic modelrice and flour products
spellingShingle Mengmeng Li
Ke Xiong
Wen Jin
Yumeng Hu
Prediction of the Ecological Behavior of <i>Burkholderia gladiolus</i> in Fresh Wet Rice Noodles at Different Temperatures and Its Correlation with Quality Changes
Foods
Bongkrekic Acid
food safety
growth dynamics
probabilistic model
rice and flour products
title Prediction of the Ecological Behavior of <i>Burkholderia gladiolus</i> in Fresh Wet Rice Noodles at Different Temperatures and Its Correlation with Quality Changes
title_full Prediction of the Ecological Behavior of <i>Burkholderia gladiolus</i> in Fresh Wet Rice Noodles at Different Temperatures and Its Correlation with Quality Changes
title_fullStr Prediction of the Ecological Behavior of <i>Burkholderia gladiolus</i> in Fresh Wet Rice Noodles at Different Temperatures and Its Correlation with Quality Changes
title_full_unstemmed Prediction of the Ecological Behavior of <i>Burkholderia gladiolus</i> in Fresh Wet Rice Noodles at Different Temperatures and Its Correlation with Quality Changes
title_short Prediction of the Ecological Behavior of <i>Burkholderia gladiolus</i> in Fresh Wet Rice Noodles at Different Temperatures and Its Correlation with Quality Changes
title_sort prediction of the ecological behavior of i burkholderia gladiolus i in fresh wet rice noodles at different temperatures and its correlation with quality changes
topic Bongkrekic Acid
food safety
growth dynamics
probabilistic model
rice and flour products
url https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/8/1291
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