Innate immunity, therapeutic targets and monoclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infection
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), stands as one of the most severe pandemics the world has ever faced in recent times. SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibits a wide range of symptoms, varying from severe manifestations to mild cases a...
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PeerJ Inc.
2025-06-01
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| author | Mubashir Nazir Ishfaq Rashid Mir Shabir Ahmad Lone Ghazala Muteeb Ragib Alam Anis Bashir Fomda Nida Khan Asim Azhar Bashir Ahmad Fomda Wajihul Hasan Khan |
| author_facet | Mubashir Nazir Ishfaq Rashid Mir Shabir Ahmad Lone Ghazala Muteeb Ragib Alam Anis Bashir Fomda Nida Khan Asim Azhar Bashir Ahmad Fomda Wajihul Hasan Khan |
| author_sort | Mubashir Nazir |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), stands as one of the most severe pandemics the world has ever faced in recent times. SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibits a wide range of symptoms, varying from severe manifestations to mild cases and even asymptomatic carriers. This diversity stems from a multitude of factors, including genetic predisposition, viral variants, and immune status. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the immune system engages pattern recognition receptors, setting off a series of intricate signalling cascades. These cascades culminate in the activation of innate immune responses, including induction of type I and type III interferons. The emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 pose challenges to the innate immune system defense. Therefore, investigating the innate immune response is crucial for effectively combating SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. The cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophoshate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway, a critical innate immune mechanism, represents a promising target for intervention at multiple stages to reduce the severity and progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review explores innate immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infection and other immune responses critical for SARS-CoV-2 defence. As part of the therapeutic approach, we extend our review to highlight monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as emerging and effective therapeutics for controlling SARS-CoV-2 by targeting different stages of the innate immune system. A diverse range of mAbs has been explored to address specific targets within the innate immune pathways. A deep understanding of innate immunity and targeted monoclonal therapeutics will be instrumental in combating viruses and their variants, laying the foundation for enhanced treatment and therapeutic strategies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3be00ff22d984a4f9b9847fbb3602807 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2167-8359 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | PeerJ Inc. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PeerJ |
| spelling | doaj-art-3be00ff22d984a4f9b9847fbb36028072025-08-20T03:22:45ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592025-06-0113e1946210.7717/peerj.19462Innate immunity, therapeutic targets and monoclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infectionMubashir Nazir0Ishfaq Rashid Mir1Shabir Ahmad Lone2Ghazala Muteeb3Ragib Alam4Anis Bashir Fomda5Nida Khan6Asim Azhar7Bashir Ahmad Fomda8Wajihul Hasan Khan9Department of Microbiology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences Soura, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaDepartment of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences Soura, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaDepartment of Microbiology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences Soura, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaDepartment of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, IndiaDepartment of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, IndiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, IndiaInterdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDepartment of Microbiology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences Soura, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaDepartment of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, IndiaCOVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), stands as one of the most severe pandemics the world has ever faced in recent times. SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibits a wide range of symptoms, varying from severe manifestations to mild cases and even asymptomatic carriers. This diversity stems from a multitude of factors, including genetic predisposition, viral variants, and immune status. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the immune system engages pattern recognition receptors, setting off a series of intricate signalling cascades. These cascades culminate in the activation of innate immune responses, including induction of type I and type III interferons. The emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 pose challenges to the innate immune system defense. Therefore, investigating the innate immune response is crucial for effectively combating SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. The cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophoshate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway, a critical innate immune mechanism, represents a promising target for intervention at multiple stages to reduce the severity and progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review explores innate immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infection and other immune responses critical for SARS-CoV-2 defence. As part of the therapeutic approach, we extend our review to highlight monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as emerging and effective therapeutics for controlling SARS-CoV-2 by targeting different stages of the innate immune system. A diverse range of mAbs has been explored to address specific targets within the innate immune pathways. A deep understanding of innate immunity and targeted monoclonal therapeutics will be instrumental in combating viruses and their variants, laying the foundation for enhanced treatment and therapeutic strategies.https://peerj.com/articles/19462.pdfSARS-CoV-2Innate immunitySTINGsSignaling moleculesMonoclonal antibody |
| spellingShingle | Mubashir Nazir Ishfaq Rashid Mir Shabir Ahmad Lone Ghazala Muteeb Ragib Alam Anis Bashir Fomda Nida Khan Asim Azhar Bashir Ahmad Fomda Wajihul Hasan Khan Innate immunity, therapeutic targets and monoclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infection PeerJ SARS-CoV-2 Innate immunity STINGs Signaling molecules Monoclonal antibody |
| title | Innate immunity, therapeutic targets and monoclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infection |
| title_full | Innate immunity, therapeutic targets and monoclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infection |
| title_fullStr | Innate immunity, therapeutic targets and monoclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Innate immunity, therapeutic targets and monoclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infection |
| title_short | Innate immunity, therapeutic targets and monoclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infection |
| title_sort | innate immunity therapeutic targets and monoclonal antibodies in sars cov 2 infection |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 Innate immunity STINGs Signaling molecules Monoclonal antibody |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/19462.pdf |
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