Physical activity among adults in Canada: an intersectional analysis of immigrant and socioeconomic status

Abstract Background Physical activity (PA) participation during the COVID-19 pandemic may vary across different population groups. This study examined the associations between immigrant status, socioeconomic status (SES), and outdoor/indoor PA. Methods National-level, cross-sectional data from 4,383...

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Main Authors: Eun-Young Lee, Heejun Lim, Roman Pabayo, Asaduzzuman Khan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-08-01
Series:Discover Social Science and Health
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44155-025-00278-2
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author Eun-Young Lee
Heejun Lim
Roman Pabayo
Asaduzzuman Khan
author_facet Eun-Young Lee
Heejun Lim
Roman Pabayo
Asaduzzuman Khan
author_sort Eun-Young Lee
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Physical activity (PA) participation during the COVID-19 pandemic may vary across different population groups. This study examined the associations between immigrant status, socioeconomic status (SES), and outdoor/indoor PA. Methods National-level, cross-sectional data from 4,383 Canadians aged 25 + yrs (51% women) who participated in the Canadian Perspective Survey Series–Impacts of COVID-19 were used. Exposure included immigrant status with potential effect modifiers—educational attainment, employment status, and financial impacts due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Outcome included outdoor and indoor PA. Covariates included sex, age, household size, presence of a child < 18 yrs, marital status, and changes in unhealthy behaviors (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, junk food, screen time) during the pandemic. Results About a quarter (24%) of the participants were immigrants who participated in less outdoor PA but more indoor PA than their Canadian-born counterparts (outdoor PA: 42% vs 70%; indoor PA: 68% vs 56%, respectively). Regardless of education, employment, and financial impacts, immigrants to Canada were far less likely to participate in outdoor PA than their Canadian-born counterparts during the COVID-19 pandemic. For indoor PA, immigrants, particularly those unemployed or financially impacted, were more likely to report participating in indoor PA than Canadian-born individuals. Among Canadian-born individuals, post-secondary education and employment status (employed but absent from work) have emerged as key correlates for both outdoor and indoor PA. Conclusions The findings highlight the importance of understanding the differential SES factors influencing outdoor and indoor PA participation among immigrants and Canadian-born individuals living in Canada. Future research should investigate ways that could equitably promote access to outdoor PA.
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spelling doaj-art-3bd9bfd1493044f5aa834ed5d6a4a9cd2025-08-20T03:46:29ZengSpringerDiscover Social Science and Health2731-04692025-08-015111610.1007/s44155-025-00278-2Physical activity among adults in Canada: an intersectional analysis of immigrant and socioeconomic statusEun-Young Lee0Heejun Lim1Roman Pabayo2Asaduzzuman Khan3School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s UniversitySchool of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s UniversitySchool of Public Health, University of AlbertaSchool of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of QueenslandAbstract Background Physical activity (PA) participation during the COVID-19 pandemic may vary across different population groups. This study examined the associations between immigrant status, socioeconomic status (SES), and outdoor/indoor PA. Methods National-level, cross-sectional data from 4,383 Canadians aged 25 + yrs (51% women) who participated in the Canadian Perspective Survey Series–Impacts of COVID-19 were used. Exposure included immigrant status with potential effect modifiers—educational attainment, employment status, and financial impacts due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Outcome included outdoor and indoor PA. Covariates included sex, age, household size, presence of a child < 18 yrs, marital status, and changes in unhealthy behaviors (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, junk food, screen time) during the pandemic. Results About a quarter (24%) of the participants were immigrants who participated in less outdoor PA but more indoor PA than their Canadian-born counterparts (outdoor PA: 42% vs 70%; indoor PA: 68% vs 56%, respectively). Regardless of education, employment, and financial impacts, immigrants to Canada were far less likely to participate in outdoor PA than their Canadian-born counterparts during the COVID-19 pandemic. For indoor PA, immigrants, particularly those unemployed or financially impacted, were more likely to report participating in indoor PA than Canadian-born individuals. Among Canadian-born individuals, post-secondary education and employment status (employed but absent from work) have emerged as key correlates for both outdoor and indoor PA. Conclusions The findings highlight the importance of understanding the differential SES factors influencing outdoor and indoor PA participation among immigrants and Canadian-born individuals living in Canada. Future research should investigate ways that could equitably promote access to outdoor PA.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44155-025-00278-2IntersectionalitySocial determinants of healthOutdoor activitySARS-CoV-2Canadian perspective survey series 1 (CPSS1)
spellingShingle Eun-Young Lee
Heejun Lim
Roman Pabayo
Asaduzzuman Khan
Physical activity among adults in Canada: an intersectional analysis of immigrant and socioeconomic status
Discover Social Science and Health
Intersectionality
Social determinants of health
Outdoor activity
SARS-CoV-2
Canadian perspective survey series 1 (CPSS1)
title Physical activity among adults in Canada: an intersectional analysis of immigrant and socioeconomic status
title_full Physical activity among adults in Canada: an intersectional analysis of immigrant and socioeconomic status
title_fullStr Physical activity among adults in Canada: an intersectional analysis of immigrant and socioeconomic status
title_full_unstemmed Physical activity among adults in Canada: an intersectional analysis of immigrant and socioeconomic status
title_short Physical activity among adults in Canada: an intersectional analysis of immigrant and socioeconomic status
title_sort physical activity among adults in canada an intersectional analysis of immigrant and socioeconomic status
topic Intersectionality
Social determinants of health
Outdoor activity
SARS-CoV-2
Canadian perspective survey series 1 (CPSS1)
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s44155-025-00278-2
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