RF Exposure Assessment in ITS-5.9 GHz V2X Connectivity and Vehicle Wireless Technologies: A Numerical and Experimental Approach
As Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication technologies gain prominence, ensuring human safety from radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) becomes paramount. This study critically examines human RF exposure in the context of ITS-5.9 GHz V2X connectivity, employing a combination of numeri...
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2024-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10614192/ |
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| author | Yizhen Yang Barbara M. Masini Gunter Vermeeren Daniel van den Akker Sam Aerts Leen Verloock Emma Chiaramello Marta Bonato Joe Wiart Gabriella Tognola Wout Joseph |
| author_facet | Yizhen Yang Barbara M. Masini Gunter Vermeeren Daniel van den Akker Sam Aerts Leen Verloock Emma Chiaramello Marta Bonato Joe Wiart Gabriella Tognola Wout Joseph |
| author_sort | Yizhen Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication technologies gain prominence, ensuring human safety from radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) becomes paramount. This study critically examines human RF exposure in the context of ITS-5.9 GHz V2X connectivity, employing a combination of numerical dosimetry simulations and targeted experimental measurements. The focus extends across Road-Side Units (RSUs), On-Board Units (OBUs), and, notably, the advanced vehicular technologies within a Tesla Model S, which includes Bluetooth, Long Term Evolution (LTE) modules, and millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar systems. Key findings indicate that RF exposure levels for RSUs and OBUs, as well as from Tesla’s integrated technologies, consistently remain below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) exposure guidelines by a significant margin. Specifically, the maximum exposure level around RSUs was observed to be 10 times lower than ICNIRP reference level, and Tesla’s mmWave radar exposure did not exceed 0.29 W/m2, well below the threshold of 10 W/m2 set for the general public. This comprehensive analysis not only corroborates the effectiveness of numerical dosimetry in accurately predicting RF exposure but also underscores the compliance of current V2X communication technologies with exposure guidelines, thereby facilitating the protective advancement of intelligent transportation systems against potential health risks. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3bbbd8be38c347fdbcfdbf40ccfb1828 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-3bbbd8be38c347fdbcfdbf40ccfb18282025-08-20T01:58:12ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362024-01-011218600218602110.1109/ACCESS.2024.343556610614192RF Exposure Assessment in ITS-5.9 GHz V2X Connectivity and Vehicle Wireless Technologies: A Numerical and Experimental ApproachYizhen Yang0https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5350-0570Barbara M. Masini1Gunter Vermeeren2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5309-3808Daniel van den Akker3Sam Aerts4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7444-4312Leen Verloock5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8392-3481Emma Chiaramello6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2503-4779Marta Bonato7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5941-297XJoe Wiart8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8902-5778Gabriella Tognola9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-449XWout Joseph10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-0673Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, Ghent, BelgiumInstitute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, ItalyDepartment of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, Ghent, BelgiumDepartment of Computer Science, IDLab, University of Antwerp/imec, Antwerp, BelgiumSmart Sensor Systems Research Group, Faculty of Technology, Innovation and Society, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, Delft, AL, The NetherlandsDepartment of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, Ghent, BelgiumInstitute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, ItalyInstitute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, ItalyDepartment of Communication and Electronic (COMELEC), Institut Mines-Télécom, Palaiseau, FranceInstitute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, ItalyDepartment of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, Ghent, BelgiumAs Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication technologies gain prominence, ensuring human safety from radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) becomes paramount. This study critically examines human RF exposure in the context of ITS-5.9 GHz V2X connectivity, employing a combination of numerical dosimetry simulations and targeted experimental measurements. The focus extends across Road-Side Units (RSUs), On-Board Units (OBUs), and, notably, the advanced vehicular technologies within a Tesla Model S, which includes Bluetooth, Long Term Evolution (LTE) modules, and millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar systems. Key findings indicate that RF exposure levels for RSUs and OBUs, as well as from Tesla’s integrated technologies, consistently remain below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) exposure guidelines by a significant margin. Specifically, the maximum exposure level around RSUs was observed to be 10 times lower than ICNIRP reference level, and Tesla’s mmWave radar exposure did not exceed 0.29 W/m2, well below the threshold of 10 W/m2 set for the general public. This comprehensive analysis not only corroborates the effectiveness of numerical dosimetry in accurately predicting RF exposure but also underscores the compliance of current V2X communication technologies with exposure guidelines, thereby facilitating the protective advancement of intelligent transportation systems against potential health risks.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10614192/Electromagnetic field exposureconnected vehiclesin-lab/situ measurementsintelligent transportation systemsnumerical dosimetryV2X |
| spellingShingle | Yizhen Yang Barbara M. Masini Gunter Vermeeren Daniel van den Akker Sam Aerts Leen Verloock Emma Chiaramello Marta Bonato Joe Wiart Gabriella Tognola Wout Joseph RF Exposure Assessment in ITS-5.9 GHz V2X Connectivity and Vehicle Wireless Technologies: A Numerical and Experimental Approach IEEE Access Electromagnetic field exposure connected vehicles in-lab/situ measurements intelligent transportation systems numerical dosimetry V2X |
| title | RF Exposure Assessment in ITS-5.9 GHz V2X Connectivity and Vehicle Wireless Technologies: A Numerical and Experimental Approach |
| title_full | RF Exposure Assessment in ITS-5.9 GHz V2X Connectivity and Vehicle Wireless Technologies: A Numerical and Experimental Approach |
| title_fullStr | RF Exposure Assessment in ITS-5.9 GHz V2X Connectivity and Vehicle Wireless Technologies: A Numerical and Experimental Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | RF Exposure Assessment in ITS-5.9 GHz V2X Connectivity and Vehicle Wireless Technologies: A Numerical and Experimental Approach |
| title_short | RF Exposure Assessment in ITS-5.9 GHz V2X Connectivity and Vehicle Wireless Technologies: A Numerical and Experimental Approach |
| title_sort | rf exposure assessment in its 5 9 ghz v2x connectivity and vehicle wireless technologies a numerical and experimental approach |
| topic | Electromagnetic field exposure connected vehicles in-lab/situ measurements intelligent transportation systems numerical dosimetry V2X |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10614192/ |
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