Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in autoimmune hemolytic anemia patients based on coombs test results
Abstract Background Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare blood disorder with an incidence of 1–3 per 100,000 people annually and a mortality rate of about 11%. AIHA is classified into warm, cold, and mixed types, which can be primary or secondary. Diagnosis is made through direct and indirec...
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BMC
2025-05-01
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| Series: | European Journal of Medical Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-02601-8 |
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| author | Raja Iqbal Mulya Harahap Tiara Ardiningrum Yunisa Pamela Ahmedz Widiasta Rini Rossanti Maulidwina Bethasari |
| author_facet | Raja Iqbal Mulya Harahap Tiara Ardiningrum Yunisa Pamela Ahmedz Widiasta Rini Rossanti Maulidwina Bethasari |
| author_sort | Raja Iqbal Mulya Harahap |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare blood disorder with an incidence of 1–3 per 100,000 people annually and a mortality rate of about 11%. AIHA is classified into warm, cold, and mixed types, which can be primary or secondary. Diagnosis is made through direct and indirect Coombs tests. Purpose This study aims to describe Coombs test results in suspected AIHA patients at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital in Bandung from 2020 to 2022. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 78 AIHA cases. Blood samples were taken for both direct and indirect Coombs tests. Results Among the 78 subjects, 83.33% were female, with an average age of 26.06 ± 15.91 years. The warm type of AIHA was most common (91.03%). Primary etiology was the most common in all AIHA types: 47.89% in warm, 66.67% in cold, and 50% in mixed. The most common direct Coombs test result was + 3 in warm (47.89%), cold (33.33%), and mixed (75%) AIHA. The most frequent indirect Coombs result was + 2 in warm (30.99%) and mixed (75%) AIHA, and + 3 in cold AIHA (66.67%). Conclusion This study shows that AIHA at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital is more prevalent in females and younger individuals, with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) being the most common secondary cause. Warm AIHA was the most frequent, with a rare occurrence of mixed AIHA. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3b5838f1be4541b0b08387f05ab13d1d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2047-783X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | European Journal of Medical Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-3b5838f1be4541b0b08387f05ab13d1d2025-08-20T03:42:27ZengBMCEuropean Journal of Medical Research2047-783X2025-05-013011910.1186/s40001-025-02601-8Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in autoimmune hemolytic anemia patients based on coombs test resultsRaja Iqbal Mulya Harahap0Tiara Ardiningrum1Yunisa Pamela2Ahmedz Widiasta3Rini Rossanti4Maulidwina Bethasari5Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin HospitalBachelor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas PadjadjaranDepartment of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas PadjadjaranDepartment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin HospitalDepartment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin HospitalDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah BandungAbstract Background Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare blood disorder with an incidence of 1–3 per 100,000 people annually and a mortality rate of about 11%. AIHA is classified into warm, cold, and mixed types, which can be primary or secondary. Diagnosis is made through direct and indirect Coombs tests. Purpose This study aims to describe Coombs test results in suspected AIHA patients at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital in Bandung from 2020 to 2022. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 78 AIHA cases. Blood samples were taken for both direct and indirect Coombs tests. Results Among the 78 subjects, 83.33% were female, with an average age of 26.06 ± 15.91 years. The warm type of AIHA was most common (91.03%). Primary etiology was the most common in all AIHA types: 47.89% in warm, 66.67% in cold, and 50% in mixed. The most common direct Coombs test result was + 3 in warm (47.89%), cold (33.33%), and mixed (75%) AIHA. The most frequent indirect Coombs result was + 2 in warm (30.99%) and mixed (75%) AIHA, and + 3 in cold AIHA (66.67%). Conclusion This study shows that AIHA at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital is more prevalent in females and younger individuals, with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) being the most common secondary cause. Warm AIHA was the most frequent, with a rare occurrence of mixed AIHA.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-02601-8Coombs testAutoimmune hemolytic anemia |
| spellingShingle | Raja Iqbal Mulya Harahap Tiara Ardiningrum Yunisa Pamela Ahmedz Widiasta Rini Rossanti Maulidwina Bethasari Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in autoimmune hemolytic anemia patients based on coombs test results European Journal of Medical Research Coombs test Autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
| title | Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in autoimmune hemolytic anemia patients based on coombs test results |
| title_full | Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in autoimmune hemolytic anemia patients based on coombs test results |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in autoimmune hemolytic anemia patients based on coombs test results |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in autoimmune hemolytic anemia patients based on coombs test results |
| title_short | Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in autoimmune hemolytic anemia patients based on coombs test results |
| title_sort | prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in autoimmune hemolytic anemia patients based on coombs test results |
| topic | Coombs test Autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-02601-8 |
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