Recent progress in terahertz sensors based on graphene metamaterials

Abstract Graphene-based terahertz (THz) metamaterials (MMs) are at the forefront of high-sensitivity sensing, with applications spanning biochemical to environmental fields. This review examines recent advances in graphene MMs-based THz sensors, covering foundational theories and innovative designs,...

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Main Authors: Zesen Zhou, Zhilong Gan, Lei Cao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-02-01
Series:Discover Nano
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-025-04204-y
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author Zesen Zhou
Zhilong Gan
Lei Cao
author_facet Zesen Zhou
Zhilong Gan
Lei Cao
author_sort Zesen Zhou
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Graphene-based terahertz (THz) metamaterials (MMs) are at the forefront of high-sensitivity sensing, with applications spanning biochemical to environmental fields. This review examines recent advances in graphene MMs-based THz sensors, covering foundational theories and innovative designs, from complex patterns to graphene-dielectric and graphene-metal hybrids. We explore ultra-trace detection enabled by $$\pi$$ π - $$\pi$$ π stacking mechanisms, expanding capabilities beyond conventional refractive index-based methods. Despite significant theoretical progress, practical challenges remain due to material constraints; solutions such as multilayer graphene structures and hybrid low-mobility designs are discussed to enhance experimental feasibility. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on the evolving impact of graphene MMs, positioning them as transformative tools in multidisciplinary THz sensing.
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institution DOAJ
issn 2731-9229
language English
publishDate 2025-02-01
publisher Springer
record_format Article
series Discover Nano
spelling doaj-art-3b2a7ff662244c12a4c60b9d16a4fefd2025-08-20T02:48:33ZengSpringerDiscover Nano2731-92292025-02-0120112510.1186/s11671-025-04204-yRecent progress in terahertz sensors based on graphene metamaterialsZesen Zhou0Zhilong Gan1Lei Cao2State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyState Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyState Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyAbstract Graphene-based terahertz (THz) metamaterials (MMs) are at the forefront of high-sensitivity sensing, with applications spanning biochemical to environmental fields. This review examines recent advances in graphene MMs-based THz sensors, covering foundational theories and innovative designs, from complex patterns to graphene-dielectric and graphene-metal hybrids. We explore ultra-trace detection enabled by $$\pi$$ π - $$\pi$$ π stacking mechanisms, expanding capabilities beyond conventional refractive index-based methods. Despite significant theoretical progress, practical challenges remain due to material constraints; solutions such as multilayer graphene structures and hybrid low-mobility designs are discussed to enhance experimental feasibility. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on the evolving impact of graphene MMs, positioning them as transformative tools in multidisciplinary THz sensing.https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-025-04204-yGrapheneMetamaterialTerahertzSensing
spellingShingle Zesen Zhou
Zhilong Gan
Lei Cao
Recent progress in terahertz sensors based on graphene metamaterials
Discover Nano
Graphene
Metamaterial
Terahertz
Sensing
title Recent progress in terahertz sensors based on graphene metamaterials
title_full Recent progress in terahertz sensors based on graphene metamaterials
title_fullStr Recent progress in terahertz sensors based on graphene metamaterials
title_full_unstemmed Recent progress in terahertz sensors based on graphene metamaterials
title_short Recent progress in terahertz sensors based on graphene metamaterials
title_sort recent progress in terahertz sensors based on graphene metamaterials
topic Graphene
Metamaterial
Terahertz
Sensing
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-025-04204-y
work_keys_str_mv AT zesenzhou recentprogressinterahertzsensorsbasedongraphenemetamaterials
AT zhilonggan recentprogressinterahertzsensorsbasedongraphenemetamaterials
AT leicao recentprogressinterahertzsensorsbasedongraphenemetamaterials