Recent progress in terahertz sensors based on graphene metamaterials

Abstract Graphene-based terahertz (THz) metamaterials (MMs) are at the forefront of high-sensitivity sensing, with applications spanning biochemical to environmental fields. This review examines recent advances in graphene MMs-based THz sensors, covering foundational theories and innovative designs,...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Zesen Zhou, Zhilong Gan, Lei Cao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-02-01
Series:Discover Nano
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-025-04204-y
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Summary:Abstract Graphene-based terahertz (THz) metamaterials (MMs) are at the forefront of high-sensitivity sensing, with applications spanning biochemical to environmental fields. This review examines recent advances in graphene MMs-based THz sensors, covering foundational theories and innovative designs, from complex patterns to graphene-dielectric and graphene-metal hybrids. We explore ultra-trace detection enabled by $$\pi$$ π - $$\pi$$ π stacking mechanisms, expanding capabilities beyond conventional refractive index-based methods. Despite significant theoretical progress, practical challenges remain due to material constraints; solutions such as multilayer graphene structures and hybrid low-mobility designs are discussed to enhance experimental feasibility. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on the evolving impact of graphene MMs, positioning them as transformative tools in multidisciplinary THz sensing.
ISSN:2731-9229