Spatial distribution and reserve estimation of sand and gravel deposits using geostatistical methods in west Basrah, southern Iraq
Sand and gravel are among the most common natural materials. They are generally used as a raw material in concrete, road construction, mixing with asphalt and filling material, among other uses. Sand and gravel deposits are widespread within the southern and central regions of Iraq. Among these depo...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Kuwait Journal of Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2307410823000172 |
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| author | Safaa Al-Ali Sattar Al-Khafaji |
| author_facet | Safaa Al-Ali Sattar Al-Khafaji |
| author_sort | Safaa Al-Ali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sand and gravel are among the most common natural materials. They are generally used as a raw material in concrete, road construction, mixing with asphalt and filling material, among other uses. Sand and gravel deposits are widespread within the southern and central regions of Iraq. Among these deposits are the alluvial sand and gravel that form the upper part of the Dibdibba Formation in the Al-Rafiya, Al-Tuba, Chwaibda and Safwan blocks in west Basrah, southern Iraq. In this research, grain size distribution for channel samples collected from each block was determined. Thickness of overburden and industrial beds was measured and the stripping ratio (SR) was calculated. Geostatistical interpolation approaches including inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK) were utilised to predict the spatial distribution of sand and gravel deposits and their reserves from borehole data. Data validation using the mean error (ME) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) were applied. The deposits can be characterised as gravelly sand (gS) in the Al-Tuba, Al-Rafiya and Chwaibda blocks, while it is a sandy gravel (sG) in the Safwan block. The overburden gypcrete beds varied between 1 and 3 m thick, while the industrial sand and gravel beds which appear as planar and sometimes lenticular deposits ranging between 3 and 8 m thick. The SR is generally low, considering the easily removed lightweight material of the overburden bed and the easily extractable fairly flat and near-surface friable sand and gravel deposits. Reserves are estimated as 376.63 Million m3 and 385.97 Million m3 using the IDW and OK approaches, respectively. Based on the least error values of ME and RMSE, we conclude that the OK method is the more accurate spatial interpolation approach for sand and gravel reserve estimation in all blocks compared to the IDW method. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3b29bba053a24a30a71d5133de91c17f |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2307-4116 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Kuwait Journal of Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-3b29bba053a24a30a71d5133de91c17f2025-08-20T02:00:00ZengElsevierKuwait Journal of Science2307-41162023-04-01502127137https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjs.2023.02.017Spatial distribution and reserve estimation of sand and gravel deposits using geostatistical methods in west Basrah, southern IraqSafaa Al-Ali0Sattar Al-Khafaji1Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, IraqDepartment of Geology, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, IraqSand and gravel are among the most common natural materials. They are generally used as a raw material in concrete, road construction, mixing with asphalt and filling material, among other uses. Sand and gravel deposits are widespread within the southern and central regions of Iraq. Among these deposits are the alluvial sand and gravel that form the upper part of the Dibdibba Formation in the Al-Rafiya, Al-Tuba, Chwaibda and Safwan blocks in west Basrah, southern Iraq. In this research, grain size distribution for channel samples collected from each block was determined. Thickness of overburden and industrial beds was measured and the stripping ratio (SR) was calculated. Geostatistical interpolation approaches including inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK) were utilised to predict the spatial distribution of sand and gravel deposits and their reserves from borehole data. Data validation using the mean error (ME) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) were applied. The deposits can be characterised as gravelly sand (gS) in the Al-Tuba, Al-Rafiya and Chwaibda blocks, while it is a sandy gravel (sG) in the Safwan block. The overburden gypcrete beds varied between 1 and 3 m thick, while the industrial sand and gravel beds which appear as planar and sometimes lenticular deposits ranging between 3 and 8 m thick. The SR is generally low, considering the easily removed lightweight material of the overburden bed and the easily extractable fairly flat and near-surface friable sand and gravel deposits. Reserves are estimated as 376.63 Million m3 and 385.97 Million m3 using the IDW and OK approaches, respectively. Based on the least error values of ME and RMSE, we conclude that the OK method is the more accurate spatial interpolation approach for sand and gravel reserve estimation in all blocks compared to the IDW method.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2307410823000172idwokspatial analysisreserve estimationsand and gravelsouthern iraq |
| spellingShingle | Safaa Al-Ali Sattar Al-Khafaji Spatial distribution and reserve estimation of sand and gravel deposits using geostatistical methods in west Basrah, southern Iraq Kuwait Journal of Science idwok spatial analysis reserve estimation sand and gravel southern iraq |
| title | Spatial distribution and reserve estimation of sand and gravel deposits using geostatistical methods in west Basrah, southern Iraq |
| title_full | Spatial distribution and reserve estimation of sand and gravel deposits using geostatistical methods in west Basrah, southern Iraq |
| title_fullStr | Spatial distribution and reserve estimation of sand and gravel deposits using geostatistical methods in west Basrah, southern Iraq |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial distribution and reserve estimation of sand and gravel deposits using geostatistical methods in west Basrah, southern Iraq |
| title_short | Spatial distribution and reserve estimation of sand and gravel deposits using geostatistical methods in west Basrah, southern Iraq |
| title_sort | spatial distribution and reserve estimation of sand and gravel deposits using geostatistical methods in west basrah southern iraq |
| topic | idwok spatial analysis reserve estimation sand and gravel southern iraq |
| url | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2307410823000172 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT safaaalali spatialdistributionandreserveestimationofsandandgraveldepositsusinggeostatisticalmethodsinwestbasrahsoutherniraq AT sattaralkhafaji spatialdistributionandreserveestimationofsandandgraveldepositsusinggeostatisticalmethodsinwestbasrahsoutherniraq |