Bio-inspired and programmable Marangoni motor for highly maneuverable and adaptable S-aquabots

Mobility, environmental adaptability, and functionality are essential attributes of robots, but these become challenging for small-scale on-water robots, also referred to as S-aquabots. Herein, we propose a programmable Marangoni motor (PM-motor) to propel centimeter-scale S-aquabots with high maneu...

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Main Authors: Yexi Zhou, Xiao Guan, Dazhe Zhao, Kaijun Zhang, YongAn Huang, Junwen Zhong
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. 2025-05-01
Series:eScience
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667141724001344
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author Yexi Zhou
Xiao Guan
Dazhe Zhao
Kaijun Zhang
YongAn Huang
Junwen Zhong
author_facet Yexi Zhou
Xiao Guan
Dazhe Zhao
Kaijun Zhang
YongAn Huang
Junwen Zhong
author_sort Yexi Zhou
collection DOAJ
description Mobility, environmental adaptability, and functionality are essential attributes of robots, but these become challenging for small-scale on-water robots, also referred to as S-aquabots. Herein, we propose a programmable Marangoni motor (PM-motor) to propel centimeter-scale S-aquabots with high maneuverability and adaptability. Lightweight, compact, flexible hybrid electronics are used to precisely release ethanol to achieve controllable propulsion, smart sensing, and wireless communication functions. The PM-motor utilizes the surface tension gradient generated by the ethanol, which is released from leaf-inspired veins and improves fuel efficiency by 3.5 times when compared with traditional Marangoni effect-propelled robots. As a result, the device’s endurance is up to ∼226 ​s for a navigation distance of ∼5 ​m with just 1.2 ​mL ethanol. Benefiting from the leaf-like shape and negligible noise production, the S-aquabots can also blend well with their surroundings. Autonomous response capability is demonstrated by guiding an S-aquabot with laser spots to complete a butterfly-shaped trajectory. Equipped with a mini-camera or digital sensors, untethered S-aquabots deployed on an outdoor pool can capture real-time videos or monitor long-term environmental conditions. This work is beneficial for inspiring insightful design strategies to develop S-aquabots with high practical potential.
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institution OA Journals
issn 2667-1417
language English
publishDate 2025-05-01
publisher KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.
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spelling doaj-art-3acdaba0500b49a5a3ec256d473c840a2025-08-20T01:50:20ZengKeAi Communications Co. Ltd.eScience2667-14172025-05-015310033510.1016/j.esci.2024.100335Bio-inspired and programmable Marangoni motor for highly maneuverable and adaptable S-aquabotsYexi Zhou0Xiao Guan1Dazhe Zhao2Kaijun Zhang3YongAn Huang4Junwen Zhong5Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, ChinaDepartment of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, ChinaDepartment of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, ChinaDepartment of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Corresponding author.Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China; Corresponding author.Mobility, environmental adaptability, and functionality are essential attributes of robots, but these become challenging for small-scale on-water robots, also referred to as S-aquabots. Herein, we propose a programmable Marangoni motor (PM-motor) to propel centimeter-scale S-aquabots with high maneuverability and adaptability. Lightweight, compact, flexible hybrid electronics are used to precisely release ethanol to achieve controllable propulsion, smart sensing, and wireless communication functions. The PM-motor utilizes the surface tension gradient generated by the ethanol, which is released from leaf-inspired veins and improves fuel efficiency by 3.5 times when compared with traditional Marangoni effect-propelled robots. As a result, the device’s endurance is up to ∼226 ​s for a navigation distance of ∼5 ​m with just 1.2 ​mL ethanol. Benefiting from the leaf-like shape and negligible noise production, the S-aquabots can also blend well with their surroundings. Autonomous response capability is demonstrated by guiding an S-aquabot with laser spots to complete a butterfly-shaped trajectory. Equipped with a mini-camera or digital sensors, untethered S-aquabots deployed on an outdoor pool can capture real-time videos or monitor long-term environmental conditions. This work is beneficial for inspiring insightful design strategies to develop S-aquabots with high practical potential.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667141724001344Bio-inspired electronicsSoft robotsMarangoni effectFlexible electronicsManeuverability
spellingShingle Yexi Zhou
Xiao Guan
Dazhe Zhao
Kaijun Zhang
YongAn Huang
Junwen Zhong
Bio-inspired and programmable Marangoni motor for highly maneuverable and adaptable S-aquabots
eScience
Bio-inspired electronics
Soft robots
Marangoni effect
Flexible electronics
Maneuverability
title Bio-inspired and programmable Marangoni motor for highly maneuverable and adaptable S-aquabots
title_full Bio-inspired and programmable Marangoni motor for highly maneuverable and adaptable S-aquabots
title_fullStr Bio-inspired and programmable Marangoni motor for highly maneuverable and adaptable S-aquabots
title_full_unstemmed Bio-inspired and programmable Marangoni motor for highly maneuverable and adaptable S-aquabots
title_short Bio-inspired and programmable Marangoni motor for highly maneuverable and adaptable S-aquabots
title_sort bio inspired and programmable marangoni motor for highly maneuverable and adaptable s aquabots
topic Bio-inspired electronics
Soft robots
Marangoni effect
Flexible electronics
Maneuverability
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667141724001344
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AT xiaoguan bioinspiredandprogrammablemarangonimotorforhighlymaneuverableandadaptablesaquabots
AT dazhezhao bioinspiredandprogrammablemarangonimotorforhighlymaneuverableandadaptablesaquabots
AT kaijunzhang bioinspiredandprogrammablemarangonimotorforhighlymaneuverableandadaptablesaquabots
AT yonganhuang bioinspiredandprogrammablemarangonimotorforhighlymaneuverableandadaptablesaquabots
AT junwenzhong bioinspiredandprogrammablemarangonimotorforhighlymaneuverableandadaptablesaquabots