Do goats exhibit prosocial motivation? Insights from a novel food-giving paradigm

Research on prosociality in animals has largely focused on a few model species and a limited range of experimental paradigms. To expand this scope, we developed an ecologically relevant food-giving paradigm, the Fake Apple Tree, designed to assess prosocial motivation in goats (Capra hircus) by stim...

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Main Authors: Annkatrin Pahl, Jean-Loup Rault, Jim McGetrick, Anja Eggert, Christian Nawroth, Jan Langbein
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: The Royal Society 2025-05-01
Series:Royal Society Open Science
Subjects:
Online Access:https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250556
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author Annkatrin Pahl
Jean-Loup Rault
Jim McGetrick
Anja Eggert
Christian Nawroth
Jan Langbein
author_facet Annkatrin Pahl
Jean-Loup Rault
Jim McGetrick
Anja Eggert
Christian Nawroth
Jan Langbein
author_sort Annkatrin Pahl
collection DOAJ
description Research on prosociality in animals has largely focused on a few model species and a limited range of experimental paradigms. To expand this scope, we developed an ecologically relevant food-giving paradigm, the Fake Apple Tree, designed to assess prosocial motivation in goats (Capra hircus) by stimulating their natural climbing behaviour. In this set-up, when a ‘donor’ goat stepped onto a platform attached to a pivoting arm, the arm lowered a food dispenser within reach of conspecific ‘recipients’, while the donor itself could not access the reward. Ten out of twelve goats spontaneously learned to operate the device. In dyadic trials, goats interacted with the Fake Apple Tree more frequently when the food dispenser was active compared to control sessions where no food was provided. The frequency of interactions remained stable across test sessions. We classified platform interactions as prosocial if the donor left without approaching the food dispenser and selfish if it attempted to access the food afterwards. Consistent with findings in primates, prosocial interactions were significantly longer than selfish ones. Our results provide insights into potential prosocial tendencies in goats and highlight the utility of ecologically relevant paradigms in studying cooperative behaviours in ungulates.
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publishDate 2025-05-01
publisher The Royal Society
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series Royal Society Open Science
spelling doaj-art-3ac44a0df9d5492b8efe6c7769eba1d02025-08-20T02:55:46ZengThe Royal SocietyRoyal Society Open Science2054-57032025-05-0112510.1098/rsos.250556Do goats exhibit prosocial motivation? Insights from a novel food-giving paradigmAnnkatrin Pahl0Jean-Loup Rault1Jim McGetrick2Anja Eggert3Christian Nawroth4Jan Langbein5Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, GermanyInstitute of Animal Welfare Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Animal Welfare Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, AustriaResearch Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, GermanyResearch Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, GermanyResearch Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, GermanyResearch on prosociality in animals has largely focused on a few model species and a limited range of experimental paradigms. To expand this scope, we developed an ecologically relevant food-giving paradigm, the Fake Apple Tree, designed to assess prosocial motivation in goats (Capra hircus) by stimulating their natural climbing behaviour. In this set-up, when a ‘donor’ goat stepped onto a platform attached to a pivoting arm, the arm lowered a food dispenser within reach of conspecific ‘recipients’, while the donor itself could not access the reward. Ten out of twelve goats spontaneously learned to operate the device. In dyadic trials, goats interacted with the Fake Apple Tree more frequently when the food dispenser was active compared to control sessions where no food was provided. The frequency of interactions remained stable across test sessions. We classified platform interactions as prosocial if the donor left without approaching the food dispenser and selfish if it attempted to access the food afterwards. Consistent with findings in primates, prosocial interactions were significantly longer than selfish ones. Our results provide insights into potential prosocial tendencies in goats and highlight the utility of ecologically relevant paradigms in studying cooperative behaviours in ungulates.https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250556altruismcognitionFake Apple Treefarm animalsprosocialityungulates
spellingShingle Annkatrin Pahl
Jean-Loup Rault
Jim McGetrick
Anja Eggert
Christian Nawroth
Jan Langbein
Do goats exhibit prosocial motivation? Insights from a novel food-giving paradigm
Royal Society Open Science
altruism
cognition
Fake Apple Tree
farm animals
prosociality
ungulates
title Do goats exhibit prosocial motivation? Insights from a novel food-giving paradigm
title_full Do goats exhibit prosocial motivation? Insights from a novel food-giving paradigm
title_fullStr Do goats exhibit prosocial motivation? Insights from a novel food-giving paradigm
title_full_unstemmed Do goats exhibit prosocial motivation? Insights from a novel food-giving paradigm
title_short Do goats exhibit prosocial motivation? Insights from a novel food-giving paradigm
title_sort do goats exhibit prosocial motivation insights from a novel food giving paradigm
topic altruism
cognition
Fake Apple Tree
farm animals
prosociality
ungulates
url https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250556
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