Increasing Ecosystem Fluxes Observed from Eddy Covariance and Solar-Induced Fluorescence Data
Ecosystems modulate Earth’s climate through the exchange of carbon and water fluxes. However, long-term trends in these terrestrial fluxes remain unclear due to the lack of continuous measurements on the global scale. This study combined flux data from 197 eddy covariance sites with satellite-retrie...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Jiao Zheng Hao Zhou Xu Yue Xichuan Liu Zhuge Xia Jun Wang Jingfeng Xiao Xing Li Fangmin Zhang |
| author_facet | Jiao Zheng Hao Zhou Xu Yue Xichuan Liu Zhuge Xia Jun Wang Jingfeng Xiao Xing Li Fangmin Zhang |
| author_sort | Jiao Zheng |
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| description | Ecosystems modulate Earth’s climate through the exchange of carbon and water fluxes. However, long-term trends in these terrestrial fluxes remain unclear due to the lack of continuous measurements on the global scale. This study combined flux data from 197 eddy covariance sites with satellite-retrieved solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) to investigate spatiotemporal variations in gross primary productivity (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and their coupling via water use efficiency (WUE) from 2001 to 2020. We developed six global GPP and ET products at 0.05° spatial and 8-day temporal resolution, using two machine learning models and three SIF products, which integrate vegetation physiological parameters with data-driven approaches. These datasets provided mean estimates of 128 ± 2.3 Pg C yr<sup>−1</sup> for GPP, 522 ± 58.2 mm yr<sup>−1</sup> for ET, and 1.8 ± 0.21 g C kg<sup>−1</sup> H<sub>2</sub>O yr<sup>−1</sup> for WUE, with upward trends of 0.22 ± 0.04 Pg C yr<sup>−2</sup> in GPP, 0.64 ± 0.14 mm yr<sup>−2</sup> in ET, and 0.0019 ± 0.0005 g C kg<sup>−1</sup> H<sub>2</sub>O yr<sup>−2</sup> in WUE over the past two decades. These high-resolution datasets are valuable for exploring terrestrial carbon and water responses to climate change, as well as for benchmarking terrestrial biosphere models. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-3aae07f93fff43908274c195fe3bee8e2025-08-20T03:27:36ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-06-011712206410.3390/rs17122064Increasing Ecosystem Fluxes Observed from Eddy Covariance and Solar-Induced Fluorescence DataJiao Zheng0Hao Zhou1Xu Yue2Xichuan Liu3Zhuge Xia4Jun Wang5Jingfeng Xiao6Xing Li7Fangmin Zhang8Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, ChinaCollege of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, ChinaCollege of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, ChinaSchool of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, ChinaFrontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, ChinaEarth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USASchool of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, NUIST, Nanjing 210044, ChinaEcosystems modulate Earth’s climate through the exchange of carbon and water fluxes. However, long-term trends in these terrestrial fluxes remain unclear due to the lack of continuous measurements on the global scale. This study combined flux data from 197 eddy covariance sites with satellite-retrieved solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) to investigate spatiotemporal variations in gross primary productivity (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and their coupling via water use efficiency (WUE) from 2001 to 2020. We developed six global GPP and ET products at 0.05° spatial and 8-day temporal resolution, using two machine learning models and three SIF products, which integrate vegetation physiological parameters with data-driven approaches. These datasets provided mean estimates of 128 ± 2.3 Pg C yr<sup>−1</sup> for GPP, 522 ± 58.2 mm yr<sup>−1</sup> for ET, and 1.8 ± 0.21 g C kg<sup>−1</sup> H<sub>2</sub>O yr<sup>−1</sup> for WUE, with upward trends of 0.22 ± 0.04 Pg C yr<sup>−2</sup> in GPP, 0.64 ± 0.14 mm yr<sup>−2</sup> in ET, and 0.0019 ± 0.0005 g C kg<sup>−1</sup> H<sub>2</sub>O yr<sup>−2</sup> in WUE over the past two decades. These high-resolution datasets are valuable for exploring terrestrial carbon and water responses to climate change, as well as for benchmarking terrestrial biosphere models.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/12/2064solar-induced fluorescencegross primary productivityevapotranspirationwater use efficiencymachine learning |
| spellingShingle | Jiao Zheng Hao Zhou Xu Yue Xichuan Liu Zhuge Xia Jun Wang Jingfeng Xiao Xing Li Fangmin Zhang Increasing Ecosystem Fluxes Observed from Eddy Covariance and Solar-Induced Fluorescence Data Remote Sensing solar-induced fluorescence gross primary productivity evapotranspiration water use efficiency machine learning |
| title | Increasing Ecosystem Fluxes Observed from Eddy Covariance and Solar-Induced Fluorescence Data |
| title_full | Increasing Ecosystem Fluxes Observed from Eddy Covariance and Solar-Induced Fluorescence Data |
| title_fullStr | Increasing Ecosystem Fluxes Observed from Eddy Covariance and Solar-Induced Fluorescence Data |
| title_full_unstemmed | Increasing Ecosystem Fluxes Observed from Eddy Covariance and Solar-Induced Fluorescence Data |
| title_short | Increasing Ecosystem Fluxes Observed from Eddy Covariance and Solar-Induced Fluorescence Data |
| title_sort | increasing ecosystem fluxes observed from eddy covariance and solar induced fluorescence data |
| topic | solar-induced fluorescence gross primary productivity evapotranspiration water use efficiency machine learning |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/12/2064 |
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