Scaler Rates from the Pierre Auger Observatory: A New Proxy of Solar Activity

The modulation of low-energy galactic cosmic rays reflects interplanetary magnetic field variations and can provide useful information on solar activity. An array of ground-surface detectors can reveal the secondary particles, which originate from the interaction of cosmic rays with the atmosphere....

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Main Authors:	The Pierre Auger Collaboration, A. Abdul Halim, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, I. Allekotte, K. Almeida Cheminant, A. Almela, R. Aloisio, J. Alvarez-Muñiz, A. Ambrosone, J. Ammerman Yebra, G. A. Anastasi, L. Anchordoqui, B. Andrada, L. Andrade Dourado, S. Andringa, L. Apollonio, C. Aramo, E. Arnone, J. C. Arteaga Velázquez, P. Assis, G. Avila, E. Avocone, A. Bakalova, F. Barbato, A. Bartz Mocellin, J. A. Bellido, C. Berat, M. E. Bertaina, M. Bianciotto, P. L. Biermann, V. Binet, K. Bismark, T. Bister, J. Biteau, J. Blazek, J. Blümer, M. Boháčová, D. Boncioli, C. Bonifazi, L. Bonneau Arbeletche, N. Borodai, J. Brack, P. G. Brichetto Orchera, F. L. Briechle, A. Bueno, S. Buitink, M. Buscemi, M. Büsken, A. Bwembya, K. S. Caballero-Mora, S. Cabana-Freire, L. Caccianiga, F. Campuzano, J. Caraça-Valente, R. Caruso, A. Castellina, F. Catalani, G. Cataldi, L. Cazon, M. Cerda, B. Čermáková, A. Cermenati, J. A. Chinellato, J. Chudoba, L. Chytka, R. W. Clay, A. C. Cobos Cerutti, R. Colalillo, R. Conceição, A. Condorelli, G. Consolati, M. Conte, F. Convenga, D. Correia dos Santos, P. J. Costa, C. E. Covault, M. Cristinziani, C. S. Cruz Sanchez, S. Dasso, K. Daumiller, B. R. Dawson, R. M. de Almeida, E.-T. de Boone, B. de Errico, J. de Jesús, S.J. de Jong, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, I. De Mitri, J. de Oliveira, D. de Oliveira Franco, F. de Palma, V. de Souza, E. De Vito, A. Del Popolo, O. Deligny, N. Denner, L. Deval, A. di Matteo, C. Dobrigkeit, J. C. D’Olivo, L. M. Domingues Mendes, Q. Dorosti, J. C. dos Anjos, R. C. dos Anjos, J. Ebr, F. Ellwanger, M. Emam, R. Engel, I. Epicoco, M. Erdmann, A. Etchegoyen, C. Evoli, H. Falcke, G. Farrar, A. C. Fauth, T. Fehler, F. Feldbusch, A. Fernandes, B. Fick, J. M. Figueira, P. Filip, A. Filipčič, T. Fitoussi, B. Flaggs, T. Fodran, M. Freitas, T. Fujii, A. Fuster, C. Galea, B. García, C. Gaudu, P. L. Ghia, U. Giaccari, F. Gobbi, F. Gollan, G. Golup, M. Gómez Berisso, P. F. Gómez Vitale, J. P. Gongora, J. M. González, N. González, D. Góra, A. Gorgi, M. Gottowik, F. Guarino, G. P. Guedes, E. Guido, L. Gülzow, S. Hahn, P. Hamal, M. R. Hampel, P. Hansen, V. M. Harvey, A. Haungs, T. Hebbeker, C. Hojvat, J. R. Hörandel, P. Horvath, M. Hrabovský, T. Huege, A. Insolia, P. G. Isar, P. Janecek, V. Jilek, K.-H. Kampert, B. Keilhauer, A. Khakurdikar, V. V. Kizakke Covilakam, H. O. Klages, M. Kleifges, J. Köhler, F. Krieger, M. Kubatova, N. Kunka, B. L. Lago, N. Langner, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira, Y. Lema-Capeans, A. Letessier-Selvon, I. Lhenry-Yvon, L. Lopes, J. P. Lundquist, A. Machado Payeras, M. Mallamaci, D. Mandat, B. C. Manning, P. Mantsch, F. M. Mariani, A. G. Mariazzi, I. C. Mariş, G. Marsella, D. Martello, S. Martinelli, M. A. Martins, H.-J. Mathes, J. Matthews, G. Matthiae, E. Mayotte, S. Mayotte, P. O. Mazur, G. Medina-Tanco, J. Meinert, D. Melo, A. Menshikov, C. Merx, S. Michal, M. I. Micheletti, L. Miramonti, M. Mogarkar, S. Mollerach, F. Montanet, L. Morejon, K. Mulrey, R. Mussa, W. M. Namasaka, S. Negi, L. Nellen, K. Nguyen, G. Nicora, M. Niechciol, D. Nitz, D. Nosek, A. Novikov, V. Novotny, L. Nožka, A. Nucita, L. A. Núñez, J. Ochoa, C. Oliveira, L. Östman, M. Palatka, J. Pallotta, S. Panja, G. Parente, T. Paulsen, J. Pawlowsky, M. Pech, J. Pȩkala, R. Pelayo, V. Pelgrims, L. A. S. Pereira, E. E. Pereira Martins, C. Pérez Bertolli, L. Perrone, S. Petrera, C. Petrucci, T. Pierog, M. Pimenta, M. Platino, B. Pont, M. Pourmohammad Shahvar, P. Privitera, M. Prouza, K. Pytel, S. Querchfeld, J. Rautenberg, D. Ravignani, J. V. Reginatto Akim, A. Reuzki, J. Ridky, F. Riehn, M. Risse, V. Rizi, E. Rodriguez, G. Rodriguez Fernandez, J. Rodriguez Rojo, M. J. Roncoroni, S. Rossoni, M. Roth, E. Roulet, A.C. Rovero, A. Saftoiu, M. Saharan, F. Salamida, H. Salazar, G. Salina, P. Sampathkumar, N. San Martin, J. D. Sanabria Gomez, F. Sánchez, E. M. Santos, E. Santos, F. Sarazin, R. Sarmento, R. Sato, P. Savina, V. Scherini, H. Schieler, M. Schimassek, M. Schimp, D. Schmidt, O. Scholten, H. Schoorlemmer, P. Schovánek, F. G. Schröder, J. Schulte, T. Schulz, S. J. Sciutto, M. Scornavacche, A. Sedoski, A. Segreto, S. Sehgal, S. U. Shivashankara, G. Sigl, K. Simkova, F. Simon, R. Šmída, P. Sommers, R. Squartini, M. Stadelmaier, S. Stanič, J. Stasielak, P. Stassi, S. Strähnz, M. Straub, T. Suomijärvi, A. D. Supanitsky, Z. Svozilikova, Z. Szadkowski, F. Tairli, A. Tapia, C. Taricco, C. Timmermans, O. Tkachenko, P. Tobiska, C. J. Todero Peixoto, B. Tomé, A. Travaini, P. Travnicek, M. Tueros, M. Unger, R. Uzeiroska, L. Vaclavek, M. Vacula, I. Vaiman, J. F. Valdés Galicia, L. Valore, E. Varela, V. Vašíčková, A. Vásquez-Ramírez, D. Veberič, I. D. Vergara Quispe, S. Verpoest, V. Verzi, J. Vicha, J. Vink, S. Vorobiov, J. B. Vuta, C. Watanabe, A. A. Watson, A. Weindl, M. Weitz, L. Wiencke, H. Wilczyński, D. Wittkowski, B. Wundheiler, B. Yue, A. Yushkov, E. Zas, D. Zavrtanik, M. Zavrtanik, I. Bizzarri, C. Dionese, S. Mancuso
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	IOP Publishing 2025-01-01
Series:	The Astrophysical Journal
Subjects:	Solar activity Cosmic ray detectors Astronomy data analysis
Online Access:	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adccc3
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author	The Pierre Auger Collaboration A. Abdul Halim P. Abreu M. Aglietta I. Allekotte K. Almeida Cheminant A. Almela R. Aloisio J. Alvarez-Muñiz A. Ambrosone J. Ammerman Yebra G. A. Anastasi L. Anchordoqui B. Andrada L. Andrade Dourado S. Andringa L. Apollonio C. Aramo E. Arnone J. C. Arteaga Velázquez P. Assis G. Avila E. Avocone A. Bakalova F. Barbato A. Bartz Mocellin J. A. Bellido C. Berat M. E. Bertaina M. Bianciotto P. L. Biermann V. Binet K. Bismark T. Bister J. Biteau J. Blazek J. Blümer M. Boháčová D. Boncioli C. Bonifazi L. Bonneau Arbeletche N. Borodai J. Brack P. G. Brichetto Orchera F. L. Briechle A. Bueno S. Buitink M. Buscemi M. Büsken A. Bwembya K. S. Caballero-Mora S. Cabana-Freire L. Caccianiga F. Campuzano J. Caraça-Valente R. Caruso A. Castellina F. Catalani G. Cataldi L. Cazon M. Cerda B. Čermáková A. Cermenati J. A. Chinellato J. Chudoba L. Chytka R. W. Clay A. C. Cobos Cerutti R. Colalillo R. Conceição A. Condorelli G. Consolati M. Conte F. Convenga D. Correia dos Santos P. J. Costa C. E. Covault M. Cristinziani C. S. Cruz Sanchez S. Dasso K. Daumiller B. R. Dawson R. M. de Almeida E.-T. de Boone B. de Errico J. de Jesús S.J. de Jong J. R. T. de Mello Neto I. De Mitri J. de Oliveira D. de Oliveira Franco F. de Palma V. de Souza E. De Vito A. Del Popolo O. Deligny N. Denner L. Deval A. di Matteo C. Dobrigkeit J. C. D’Olivo L. M. Domingues Mendes Q. Dorosti J. C. dos Anjos R. C. dos Anjos J. Ebr F. Ellwanger M. Emam R. Engel I. Epicoco M. Erdmann A. Etchegoyen C. Evoli H. Falcke G. Farrar A. C. Fauth T. Fehler F. Feldbusch A. Fernandes B. Fick J. M. Figueira P. Filip A. Filipčič T. Fitoussi B. Flaggs T. Fodran M. Freitas T. Fujii A. Fuster C. Galea B. García C. Gaudu P. L. Ghia U. Giaccari F. Gobbi F. Gollan G. Golup M. Gómez Berisso P. F. Gómez Vitale J. P. Gongora J. M. González N. González D. Góra A. Gorgi M. Gottowik F. Guarino G. P. Guedes E. Guido L. Gülzow S. Hahn P. Hamal M. R. Hampel P. Hansen V. M. Harvey A. Haungs T. Hebbeker C. Hojvat J. R. Hörandel P. Horvath M. Hrabovský T. Huege A. Insolia P. G. Isar P. Janecek V. Jilek K.-H. Kampert B. Keilhauer A. Khakurdikar V. V. Kizakke Covilakam H. O. Klages M. Kleifges J. Köhler F. Krieger M. Kubatova N. Kunka B. L. Lago N. Langner M. A. Leigui de Oliveira Y. Lema-Capeans A. Letessier-Selvon I. Lhenry-Yvon L. Lopes J. P. Lundquist A. Machado Payeras M. Mallamaci D. Mandat B. C. Manning P. Mantsch F. M. Mariani A. G. Mariazzi I. C. Mariş G. Marsella D. Martello S. Martinelli M. A. Martins H.-J. Mathes J. Matthews G. Matthiae E. Mayotte S. Mayotte P. O. Mazur G. Medina-Tanco J. Meinert D. Melo A. Menshikov C. Merx S. Michal M. I. Micheletti L. Miramonti M. Mogarkar S. Mollerach F. Montanet L. Morejon K. Mulrey R. Mussa W. M. Namasaka S. Negi L. Nellen K. Nguyen G. Nicora M. Niechciol D. Nitz D. Nosek A. Novikov V. Novotny L. Nožka A. Nucita L. A. Núñez J. Ochoa C. Oliveira L. Östman M. Palatka J. Pallotta S. Panja G. Parente T. Paulsen J. Pawlowsky M. Pech J. Pȩkala R. Pelayo V. Pelgrims L. A. S. Pereira E. E. Pereira Martins C. Pérez Bertolli L. Perrone S. Petrera C. Petrucci T. Pierog M. Pimenta M. Platino B. Pont M. Pourmohammad Shahvar P. Privitera M. Prouza K. Pytel S. Querchfeld J. Rautenberg D. Ravignani J. V. Reginatto Akim A. Reuzki J. Ridky F. Riehn M. Risse V. Rizi E. Rodriguez G. Rodriguez Fernandez J. Rodriguez Rojo M. J. Roncoroni S. Rossoni M. Roth E. Roulet A.C. Rovero A. Saftoiu M. Saharan F. Salamida H. Salazar G. Salina P. Sampathkumar N. San Martin J. D. Sanabria Gomez F. Sánchez E. M. Santos E. Santos F. Sarazin R. Sarmento R. Sato P. Savina V. Scherini H. Schieler M. Schimassek M. Schimp D. Schmidt O. Scholten H. Schoorlemmer P. Schovánek F. G. Schröder J. Schulte T. Schulz S. J. Sciutto M. Scornavacche A. Sedoski A. Segreto S. Sehgal S. U. Shivashankara G. Sigl K. Simkova F. Simon R. Šmída P. Sommers R. Squartini M. Stadelmaier S. Stanič J. Stasielak P. Stassi S. Strähnz M. Straub T. Suomijärvi A. D. Supanitsky Z. Svozilikova Z. Szadkowski F. Tairli A. Tapia C. Taricco C. Timmermans O. Tkachenko P. Tobiska C. J. Todero Peixoto B. Tomé A. Travaini P. Travnicek M. Tueros M. Unger R. Uzeiroska L. Vaclavek M. Vacula I. Vaiman J. F. Valdés Galicia L. Valore E. Varela V. Vašíčková A. Vásquez-Ramírez D. Veberič I. D. Vergara Quispe S. Verpoest V. Verzi J. Vicha J. Vink S. Vorobiov J. B. Vuta C. Watanabe A. A. Watson A. Weindl M. Weitz L. Wiencke H. Wilczyński D. Wittkowski B. Wundheiler B. Yue A. Yushkov E. Zas D. Zavrtanik M. Zavrtanik I. Bizzarri C. Dionese S. Mancuso
author_facet	The Pierre Auger Collaboration A. Abdul Halim P. Abreu M. Aglietta I. Allekotte K. Almeida Cheminant A. Almela R. Aloisio J. Alvarez-Muñiz A. Ambrosone J. Ammerman Yebra G. A. Anastasi L. Anchordoqui B. Andrada L. Andrade Dourado S. Andringa L. Apollonio C. Aramo E. Arnone J. C. Arteaga Velázquez P. Assis G. Avila E. Avocone A. Bakalova F. Barbato A. Bartz Mocellin J. A. Bellido C. Berat M. E. Bertaina M. Bianciotto P. L. Biermann V. Binet K. Bismark T. Bister J. Biteau J. Blazek J. Blümer M. Boháčová D. Boncioli C. Bonifazi L. Bonneau Arbeletche N. Borodai J. Brack P. G. Brichetto Orchera F. L. Briechle A. Bueno S. Buitink M. Buscemi M. Büsken A. Bwembya K. S. Caballero-Mora S. Cabana-Freire L. Caccianiga F. Campuzano J. Caraça-Valente R. Caruso A. Castellina F. Catalani G. Cataldi L. Cazon M. Cerda B. Čermáková A. Cermenati J. A. Chinellato J. Chudoba L. Chytka R. W. Clay A. C. Cobos Cerutti R. Colalillo R. Conceição A. Condorelli G. Consolati M. Conte F. Convenga D. Correia dos Santos P. J. Costa C. E. Covault M. Cristinziani C. S. Cruz Sanchez S. Dasso K. Daumiller B. R. Dawson R. M. de Almeida E.-T. de Boone B. de Errico J. de Jesús S.J. de Jong J. R. T. de Mello Neto I. De Mitri J. de Oliveira D. de Oliveira Franco F. de Palma V. de Souza E. De Vito A. Del Popolo O. Deligny N. Denner L. Deval A. di Matteo C. Dobrigkeit J. C. D’Olivo L. M. Domingues Mendes Q. Dorosti J. C. dos Anjos R. C. dos Anjos J. Ebr F. Ellwanger M. Emam R. Engel I. Epicoco M. Erdmann A. Etchegoyen C. Evoli H. Falcke G. Farrar A. C. Fauth T. Fehler F. Feldbusch A. Fernandes B. Fick J. M. Figueira P. Filip A. Filipčič T. Fitoussi B. Flaggs T. Fodran M. Freitas T. Fujii A. Fuster C. Galea B. García C. Gaudu P. L. Ghia U. Giaccari F. Gobbi F. Gollan G. Golup M. Gómez Berisso P. F. Gómez Vitale J. P. Gongora J. M. González N. González D. Góra A. Gorgi M. Gottowik F. Guarino G. P. Guedes E. Guido L. Gülzow S. Hahn P. Hamal M. R. Hampel P. Hansen V. M. Harvey A. Haungs T. Hebbeker C. Hojvat J. R. Hörandel P. Horvath M. Hrabovský T. Huege A. Insolia P. G. Isar P. Janecek V. Jilek K.-H. Kampert B. Keilhauer A. Khakurdikar V. V. Kizakke Covilakam H. O. Klages M. Kleifges J. Köhler F. Krieger M. Kubatova N. Kunka B. L. Lago N. Langner M. A. Leigui de Oliveira Y. Lema-Capeans A. Letessier-Selvon I. Lhenry-Yvon L. Lopes J. P. Lundquist A. Machado Payeras M. Mallamaci D. Mandat B. C. Manning P. Mantsch F. M. Mariani A. G. Mariazzi I. C. Mariş G. Marsella D. Martello S. Martinelli M. A. Martins H.-J. Mathes J. Matthews G. Matthiae E. Mayotte S. Mayotte P. O. Mazur G. Medina-Tanco J. Meinert D. Melo A. Menshikov C. Merx S. Michal M. I. Micheletti L. Miramonti M. Mogarkar S. Mollerach F. Montanet L. Morejon K. Mulrey R. Mussa W. M. Namasaka S. Negi L. Nellen K. Nguyen G. Nicora M. Niechciol D. Nitz D. Nosek A. Novikov V. Novotny L. Nožka A. Nucita L. A. Núñez J. Ochoa C. Oliveira L. Östman M. Palatka J. Pallotta S. Panja G. Parente T. Paulsen J. Pawlowsky M. Pech J. Pȩkala R. Pelayo V. Pelgrims L. A. S. Pereira E. E. Pereira Martins C. Pérez Bertolli L. Perrone S. Petrera C. Petrucci T. Pierog M. Pimenta M. Platino B. Pont M. Pourmohammad Shahvar P. Privitera M. Prouza K. Pytel S. Querchfeld J. Rautenberg D. Ravignani J. V. Reginatto Akim A. Reuzki J. Ridky F. Riehn M. Risse V. Rizi E. Rodriguez G. Rodriguez Fernandez J. Rodriguez Rojo M. J. Roncoroni S. Rossoni M. Roth E. Roulet A.C. Rovero A. Saftoiu M. Saharan F. Salamida H. Salazar G. Salina P. Sampathkumar N. San Martin J. D. Sanabria Gomez F. Sánchez E. M. Santos E. Santos F. Sarazin R. Sarmento R. Sato P. Savina V. Scherini H. Schieler M. Schimassek M. Schimp D. Schmidt O. Scholten H. Schoorlemmer P. Schovánek F. G. Schröder J. Schulte T. Schulz S. J. Sciutto M. Scornavacche A. Sedoski A. Segreto S. Sehgal S. U. Shivashankara G. Sigl K. Simkova F. Simon R. Šmída P. Sommers R. Squartini M. Stadelmaier S. Stanič J. Stasielak P. Stassi S. Strähnz M. Straub T. Suomijärvi A. D. Supanitsky Z. Svozilikova Z. Szadkowski F. Tairli A. Tapia C. Taricco C. Timmermans O. Tkachenko P. Tobiska C. J. Todero Peixoto B. Tomé A. Travaini P. Travnicek M. Tueros M. Unger R. Uzeiroska L. Vaclavek M. Vacula I. Vaiman J. F. Valdés Galicia L. Valore E. Varela V. Vašíčková A. Vásquez-Ramírez D. Veberič I. D. Vergara Quispe S. Verpoest V. Verzi J. Vicha J. Vink S. Vorobiov J. B. Vuta C. Watanabe A. A. Watson A. Weindl M. Weitz L. Wiencke H. Wilczyński D. Wittkowski B. Wundheiler B. Yue A. Yushkov E. Zas D. Zavrtanik M. Zavrtanik I. Bizzarri C. Dionese S. Mancuso
author_sort	The Pierre Auger Collaboration
collection	DOAJ
description	The modulation of low-energy galactic cosmic rays reflects interplanetary magnetic field variations and can provide useful information on solar activity. An array of ground-surface detectors can reveal the secondary particles, which originate from the interaction of cosmic rays with the atmosphere. In this work, we present an investigation of the low-threshold rate (scaler) time series recorded in 16 yr of operation by the Pierre Auger Observatory surface detectors in Malargüe, Argentina. Through an advanced spectral analysis, we detected highly statistically significant variations in the time series with periods ranging from the decadal to the daily scale. We investigate their origin, revealing a direct connection with solar variability. Thanks to their intrinsic very low noise level, the Auger scalers allow a thorough and detailed investigation of the galactic cosmic-ray flux variations in the heliosphere at different timescales and can, therefore, be considered a new proxy of solar variability.
format	Article
id	doaj-art-3aad9cd4681148aaaa39e5d6c837ec8b
institution	Kabale University
issn	1538-4357
language	English
publishDate	2025-01-01
publisher	IOP Publishing
record_format	Article
series	The Astrophysical Journal
spelling	doaj-art-3aad9cd4681148aaaa39e5d6c837ec8b2025-08-20T03:30:19ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-0198714110.3847/1538-4357/adccc3Scaler Rates from the Pierre Auger Observatory: A New Proxy of Solar ActivityThe Pierre Auger Collaboration0A. Abdul Halim1P. Abreu2M. Aglietta3I. Allekotte4K. Almeida Cheminant5A. Almela6R. Aloisio7J. Alvarez-Muñiz8A. Ambrosone9J. Ammerman Yebra10G. A. Anastasi11L. Anchordoqui12B. Andrada13L. Andrade Dourado14S. Andringa15L. Apollonio16C. Aramo17E. Arnone18J. C. Arteaga Velázquez19P. Assis20G. Avila21E. Avocone22A. Bakalova23F. Barbato24A. Bartz Mocellin25J. A. Bellido26C. Berat27M. E. Bertaina28M. Bianciotto29P. L. Biermann30V. Binet31K. Bismark32T. Bister33J. Biteau34J. Blazek35J. Blümer36M. Boháčová37D. Boncioli38C. Bonifazi39L. Bonneau Arbeletche40N. Borodai41J. Brack42P. G. Brichetto Orchera43F. L. Briechle44A. Bueno45S. Buitink46M. Buscemi47M. Büsken48A. Bwembya49K. S. Caballero-Mora50S. Cabana-Freire51L. Caccianiga52F. Campuzano53J. Caraça-Valente54R. Caruso55A. Castellina56F. Catalani57G. Cataldi58L. Cazon59M. Cerda60B. Čermáková61A. Cermenati62J. A. Chinellato63J. Chudoba64L. Chytka65R. W. Clay66A. C. Cobos Cerutti67R. Colalillo68R. Conceição69A. Condorelli70G. Consolati71M. Conte72F. Convenga73D. Correia dos Santos74P. J. Costa75C. E. Covault76M. Cristinziani77C. S. Cruz Sanchez78S. Dasso79K. Daumiller80B. R. Dawson81R. M. de Almeida82E.-T. de Boone83B. de Errico84J. de Jesús85S.J. de Jong86J. R. T. de Mello Neto87I. De Mitri88J. de Oliveira89D. de Oliveira Franco90F. de Palma91V. de Souza92E. De Vito93A. Del Popolo94O. Deligny95N. Denner96L. Deval97A. di Matteo98C. Dobrigkeit99J. C. D’Olivo100L. M. Domingues Mendes101Q. Dorosti102J. C. dos Anjos103R. C. dos Anjos104J. Ebr105F. Ellwanger106M. Emam107R. Engel108I. Epicoco109M. Erdmann110A. Etchegoyen111C. Evoli112H. Falcke113G. Farrar114A. C. Fauth115T. Fehler116F. Feldbusch117A. Fernandes118B. Fick119J. M. Figueira120P. Filip121A. Filipčič122T. Fitoussi123B. Flaggs124T. Fodran125M. Freitas126T. Fujii127A. Fuster128C. Galea129B. García130C. Gaudu131P. L. Ghia132U. Giaccari133F. Gobbi134F. Gollan135G. Golup136M. Gómez Berisso137P. F. Gómez Vitale138J. P. Gongora139J. M. González140N. González141D. Góra142A. Gorgi143M. Gottowik144F. Guarino145G. P. Guedes146E. Guido147L. Gülzow148S. Hahn149P. Hamal150M. R. Hampel151P. Hansen152V. M. Harvey153A. Haungs154T. Hebbeker155C. Hojvat156J. R. Hörandel157P. Horvath158M. Hrabovský159T. Huege160A. Insolia161P. G. Isar162P. Janecek163V. Jilek164K.-H. Kampert165B. Keilhauer166A. Khakurdikar167V. V. Kizakke Covilakam168H. O. Klages169M. Kleifges170J. Köhler171F. Krieger172M. Kubatova173N. Kunka174B. L. Lago175N. Langner176M. A. Leigui de Oliveira177Y. Lema-Capeans178A. Letessier-Selvon179I. Lhenry-Yvon180L. Lopes181J. P. Lundquist182A. Machado Payeras183M. Mallamaci184D. Mandat185B. C. Manning186P. Mantsch187F. M. Mariani188A. G. Mariazzi189I. C. Mariş190G. Marsella191D. Martello192S. Martinelli193M. A. Martins194H.-J. Mathes195J. Matthews196G. Matthiae197E. Mayotte198S. Mayotte199P. O. Mazur200G. Medina-Tanco201J. Meinert202D. Melo203A. Menshikov204C. Merx205S. Michal206M. I. Micheletti207L. Miramonti208M. Mogarkar209S. Mollerach210F. Montanet211L. Morejon212K. Mulrey213R. Mussa214W. M. Namasaka215S. Negi216L. Nellen217K. Nguyen218G. Nicora219M. Niechciol220D. Nitz221D. Nosek222A. Novikov223V. Novotny224L. Nožka225A. Nucita226L. A. Núñez227J. Ochoa228C. Oliveira229L. Östman230M. Palatka231J. Pallotta232S. Panja233G. Parente234T. Paulsen235J. Pawlowsky236M. Pech237J. Pȩkala238R. Pelayo239V. Pelgrims240L. A. S. Pereira241E. E. Pereira Martins242C. Pérez Bertolli243L. Perrone244S. Petrera245C. Petrucci246T. Pierog247M. Pimenta248M. Platino249B. Pont250M. Pourmohammad Shahvar251P. Privitera252M. Prouza253K. Pytel254S. Querchfeld255J. Rautenberg256D. Ravignani257J. V. Reginatto Akim258A. Reuzki259J. Ridky260F. Riehn261M. Risse262V. Rizi263E. Rodriguez264G. Rodriguez Fernandez265J. Rodriguez Rojo266M. J. Roncoroni267S. Rossoni268M. Roth269E. Roulet270A.C. Rovero271A. Saftoiu272M. Saharan273F. Salamida274H. Salazar275G. Salina276P. Sampathkumar277N. San Martin278J. D. Sanabria Gomez279F. Sánchez280E. M. Santos281E. Santos282F. Sarazin283R. Sarmento284R. Sato285P. Savina286V. Scherini287H. Schieler288M. Schimassek289M. Schimp290D. Schmidt291O. Scholten292H. Schoorlemmer293P. Schovánek294F. G. Schröder295J. Schulte296T. Schulz297S. J. Sciutto298M. Scornavacche299A. Sedoski300A. Segreto301S. Sehgal302S. U. Shivashankara303G. Sigl304K. Simkova305F. Simon306R. Šmída307P. Sommers308R. Squartini309M. Stadelmaier310S. Stanič311J. Stasielak312P. Stassi313S. Strähnz314M. Straub315T. Suomijärvi316A. D. Supanitsky317Z. Svozilikova318Z. Szadkowski319F. Tairli320A. Tapia321C. Taricco322C. Timmermans323O. Tkachenko324P. Tobiska325C. J. Todero Peixoto326B. Tomé327A. Travaini328P. Travnicek329M. Tueros330M. Unger331R. Uzeiroska332L. Vaclavek333M. Vacula334I. Vaiman335J. F. Valdés Galicia336L. Valore337E. Varela338V. Vašíčková339A. Vásquez-Ramírez340D. Veberič341I. D. Vergara Quispe342S. Verpoest343V. Verzi344J. Vicha345J. Vink346S. Vorobiov347J. B. Vuta348C. Watanabe349A. A. Watson350A. Weindl351M. Weitz352L. Wiencke353H. Wilczyński354D. Wittkowski355B. Wundheiler356B. Yue357A. Yushkov358E. Zas359D. Zavrtanik360M. Zavrtanik361I. Bizzarri362C. Dionese363S. Mancuso364Observatorio Pierre Auger , Avenida San Martín Norte 304, 5613 Malargüe, ArgentinaUniversity of Adelaide , Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL , Lisboa, PortugalINFN , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy; Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF) , Torino, ItalyCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET) , San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF) , Science Park, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaGran Sasso Science Institute , L’Aquila, Italy; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso , Assergi (L’Aquila), ItalyInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, SpainGran Sasso Science Institute , L’Aquila, ItalyInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, SpainINFN , Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy; Università di Catania , Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana,“ Catania, ItalyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York , Bronx, NY, USAInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaGran Sasso Science Institute , L’Aquila, Italy; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso , Assergi (L’Aquila), ItalyLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL , Lisboa, PortugalINFN , Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy; Università di Milano , Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, ItalyINFN , Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyUniversity of Adelaide , Adelaide, S.A., Australia; INFN , Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyUniversidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , Morelia, Michoacán, MexicoLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL , Lisboa, PortugalObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica , Malargüe, ArgentinaINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso , Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy; Università dell’Aquila , Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L’Aquila, ItalyInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicGran Sasso Science Institute , L’Aquila, Italy; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso , Assergi (L’Aquila), ItalyColorado School of Mines , Golden, CO, USAUniversity of Adelaide , Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, FranceUniversity of Adelaide , Adelaide, S.A., Australia; INFN , Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyUniversity of Adelaide , Adelaide, S.A., Australia; INFN , Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyObservatorio Pierre Auger , Avenida San Martín Norte 304, 5613 Malargüe, ArgentinaInstituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)—CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R. , Rosario, ArgentinaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF) , Science Park, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsUniversité Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, FranceInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso , Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy; Università dell’Aquila , Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L’Aquila, ItalyInternational Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas , ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete—San Martín, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) , IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN , Krakow, PolandObservatorio Pierre Auger , Avenida San Martín Norte 304, 5613 Malargüe, ArgentinaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaRWTH Aachen University , III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E. , Granada, SpainVrije Universiteit Brussels , Brussels, BelgiumINFN , Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy; Università di Catania , Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana,“ Catania, ItalyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF) , Science Park, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsUniversidad Autónoma de Chiapas , Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, MexicoInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, SpainINFN , Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy; Università di Milano , Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, ItalyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, ArgentinaColorado School of Mines , Golden, CO, USAINFN , Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy; Università di Catania , Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana,“ Catania, ItalyINFN , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy; Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF) , Torino, ItalyUniversidade de São Paulo , Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, BrazilINFN , Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, SpainObservatorio Pierre Auger , Malargüe, ArgentinaKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyGran Sasso Science Institute , L’Aquila, Italy; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso , Assergi (L’Aquila), ItalyUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) , IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicPalacky University , Olomouc, Czech RepublicUniversity of Adelaide , Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, ArgentinaINFN , Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy; Università di Napoli “Federico II ,” Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini,” Napoli, ItalyLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL , Lisboa, PortugalUniversité Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, FranceINFN , Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy; Politecnico di Milano , Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, ItalyINFN , Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy; Università del Salento , Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi,” Lecce, ItalyINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso , Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy; Università dell’Aquila , Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L’Aquila, ItalyUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL , Lisboa, PortugalCase Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH, USAUniversität Siegen , Department Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyIFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET , La Plata, ArgentinaDepartamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyUniversity of Adelaide , Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUniversität Siegen , Department Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF) , Science Park, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilGran Sasso Science Institute , L’Aquila, Italy; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso , Assergi (L’Aquila), ItalyInstituto Federal de Educação , Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), BrazilUniversität Hamburg , II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, GermanyINFN , Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy; Università del Salento , Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi,” Lecce, ItalyUniversidade de São Paulo , Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilINFN , Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy; Università del Salento , Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi,” Lecce, ItalyINFN , Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy; Università di Catania , Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana,“ Catania, ItalyCNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay, FranceInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyINFN , Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) , IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México, D.F., MexicoLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL , Lisboa, Portugal; Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas , Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUniversität Siegen , Department Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyCentro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas , Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Paraná , Setor Palotina, Palotina, BrazilInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF) , Science Park, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyINFN , Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy; Università del Salento , Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi,” Lecce, ItalyRWTH Aachen University , III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaGran Sasso Science Institute , L’Aquila, Italy; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso , Assergi (L’Aquila), ItalyIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF) , Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON) , Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsNew York University , New York, NY, USAUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) , IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilUniversität Siegen , Department Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, GermanyLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL , Lisboa, PortugalMichigan Technological University , Houghton, MI, USAInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyCenter for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC) , University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia; Experimental Particle Physics Department , Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, SloveniaKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyUniversity of Delaware , Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, DE, USAIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The NetherlandsLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL , Lisboa, PortugalUniversity of Chicago , Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, IL, USAInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The NetherlandsInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, ArgentinaBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyCNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay, FranceINFN , Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyObservatorio Pierre Auger , Malargüe, ArgentinaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET) , San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET) , San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica , Malargüe, ArgentinaObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica , Malargüe, ArgentinaCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET) , San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN , Krakow, PolandINFN , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy; Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF) , Torino, ItalyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyINFN , Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy; Università di Napoli “Federico II ,” Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini,” Napoli, ItalyUniversidade Estadual de Feira de Santana , Feira de Santana, BrazilUniversität Siegen , Department Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaIFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET , La Plata, ArgentinaUniversity of Adelaide , Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyRWTH Aachen University , III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyObservatorio Pierre Auger , Avenida San Martín Norte 304, 5613 Malargüe, ArgentinaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF) , Science Park, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsPalacky University , Olomouc, Czech RepublicPalacky University , Olomouc, Czech RepublicKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany; Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Brussels, BelgiumINFN , Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy; Università di Catania , Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana,“ Catania, ItalyInstitute of Space Science , Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The NetherlandsInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyRWTH Aachen University , III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, GermanyCentro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca , Petropolis, BrazilRWTH Aachen University , III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyUniversidade Federal do ABC , Santo André, SP, BrazilInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, SpainLaboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE) , Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, FranceCNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay, FranceLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL , Lisboa, PortugalCenter for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC) , University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, SloveniaUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) , IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilINFN , Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy; Università di Palermo , Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica “E. Segrè,” Palermo, ItalyInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicUniversity of Adelaide , Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaObservatorio Pierre Auger , Avenida San Martín Norte 304, 5613 Malargüe, ArgentinaINFN , Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy; Università di Milano , Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, ItalyIFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET , La Plata, ArgentinaUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Brussels, BelgiumINFN , Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy; Università di Palermo , Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica “E. Segrè,” Palermo, ItalyINFN , Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy; Università del Salento , Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi,” Lecce, ItalyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, SpainKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyObservatorio Pierre Auger , Avenida San Martín Norte 304, 5613 Malargüe, ArgentinaINFN , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Roma, Italy; Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, ItalyColorado School of Mines , Golden, CO, USAColorado School of Mines , Golden, CO, USAObservatorio Pierre Auger , Avenida San Martín Norte 304, 5613 Malargüe, ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México, D.F., MexicoBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicInstituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)—CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R. , Rosario, ArgentinaINFN , Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy; Università di Milano , Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, ItalyInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN , Krakow, PolandCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET) , San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, FranceBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF) , Science Park, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsINFN , Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México, D.F., MexicoMichigan Technological University , Houghton, MI, USALaboratorio Atmósfera—Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones—UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET) , ArgentinaUniversität Siegen , Department Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyMichigan Technological University , Houghton, MI, USACharles University , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech RepublicUniversity of Delaware , Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, DE, USACharles University , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech RepublicPalacky University , Olomouc, Czech RepublicINFN , Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy; Università del Salento , Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi,” Lecce, ItalyUniversidad Industrial de Santander , Bucaramanga, ColombiaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversidade de São Paulo , Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicLaboratorio Atmósfera—Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones—UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET) , ArgentinaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, SpainBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN , Krakow, PolandUnidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN) , México, D.F., MexicoUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Brussels, BelgiumUniversidade Federal de Campina Grande , Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, BrazilInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyINFN , Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy; Università del Salento , Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi,” Lecce, ItalyGran Sasso Science Institute , L’Aquila, Italy; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso , Assergi (L’Aquila), ItalyUniversità dell’Aquila , Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L’Aquila, ItalyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL , Lisboa, PortugalInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The NetherlandsINFN , Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy; Università di Palermo , Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica “E. Segrè,” Palermo, ItalyUniversity of Chicago , Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, IL, USAInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicUniversity of Łódź , Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, PolandBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) , IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilRWTH Aachen University , III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, SpainUniversität Siegen , Department Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso , Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy; Università dell’Aquila , Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L’Aquila, ItalyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyINFN , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Roma, ItalyObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica , Malargüe, ArgentinaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversität Hamburg , II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET) , San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaInstituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA) , Buenos Aires, Argentina“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering , Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The NetherlandsINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso , Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy; Università dell’Aquila , Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L’Aquila, ItalyBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Puebla, MexicoINFN , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Roma, ItalyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyColorado School of Mines , Golden, CO, USAUniversidad Industrial de Santander , Bucaramanga, ColombiaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversidade de São Paulo , Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, BrazilInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicColorado School of Mines , Golden, CO, USALaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL , Lisboa, PortugalObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica , Malargüe, ArgentinaGran Sasso Science Institute , L’Aquila, Italy; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso , Assergi (L’Aquila), ItalyINFN , Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy; Università del Salento , Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi,” Lecce, ItalyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyCNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay, FranceBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyVrije Universiteit Brussels , Brussels, BelgiumIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF) , Science Park, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany; University of Delaware , Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, DE, USARWTH Aachen University , III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyIFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET , La Plata, ArgentinaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, Argentina; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaINFN , Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy; Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF) , Palermo, ItalyBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyCenter for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC) , University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, SloveniaUniversität Hamburg , II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, GermanyVrije Universiteit Brussels , Brussels, Belgium; Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Brussels, BelgiumKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, GermanyUniversity of Chicago , Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, IL, USAObservatorio Pierre Auger , Avenida San Martín Norte 304, 5613 Malargüe, ArgentinaObservatorio Pierre Auger , Malargüe, ArgentinaINFN , Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy; Università di Milano , Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyCenter for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC) , University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, SloveniaInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN , Krakow, PolandUniversité Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, FranceKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyRWTH Aachen University , III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyUniversité Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, FranceInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicUniversity of Łódź , Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, PolandUniversity of Adelaide , Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaUniversidad de Medellín , Medellín, ColombiaUniversity of Adelaide , Adelaide, S.A., Australia; INFN , Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF) , Science Park, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicUniversidade de São Paulo , Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, BrazilLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL , Lisboa, PortugalObservatorio Pierre Auger , Malargüe, ArgentinaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicIFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET , La Plata, ArgentinaKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyPalacky University , Olomouc, Czech RepublicPalacky University , Olomouc, Czech RepublicGran Sasso Science Institute , L’Aquila, Italy; INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso , Assergi (L’Aquila), ItalyUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México, D.F., MexicoINFN , Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy; Università di Napoli “Federico II ,” Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini,” Napoli, ItalyBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Puebla, MexicoBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyUniversidad Industrial de Santander , Bucaramanga, ColombiaKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyIFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET , La Plata, ArgentinaUniversity of Delaware , Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, DE, USAINFN , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Roma, ItalyInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicUniversiteit van Amsterdam , Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsCenter for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC) , University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, SloveniaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilObservatorio Pierre Auger , Avenida San Martín Norte 304, 5613 Malargüe, ArgentinaKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyColorado School of Mines , Golden, CO, USAInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN , Krakow, PolandBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) , Buenos Aires, ArgentinaBergische Universität Wuppertal , Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech RepublicInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela, SpainCenter for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC) , University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia; Experimental Particle Physics Department , Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, SloveniaCenter for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC) , University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia; Experimental Particle Physics Department , Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, SloveniaDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 1, Torino, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 1, Torino, ItalyINAF , Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, Pino Torinese 10025, ItalyThe modulation of low-energy galactic cosmic rays reflects interplanetary magnetic field variations and can provide useful information on solar activity. An array of ground-surface detectors can reveal the secondary particles, which originate from the interaction of cosmic rays with the atmosphere. In this work, we present an investigation of the low-threshold rate (scaler) time series recorded in 16 yr of operation by the Pierre Auger Observatory surface detectors in Malargüe, Argentina. Through an advanced spectral analysis, we detected highly statistically significant variations in the time series with periods ranging from the decadal to the daily scale. We investigate their origin, revealing a direct connection with solar variability. Thanks to their intrinsic very low noise level, the Auger scalers allow a thorough and detailed investigation of the galactic cosmic-ray flux variations in the heliosphere at different timescales and can, therefore, be considered a new proxy of solar variability.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adccc3Solar activityCosmic ray detectorsAstronomy data analysis
spellingShingle	The Pierre Auger Collaboration A. Abdul Halim P. Abreu M. Aglietta I. Allekotte K. Almeida Cheminant A. Almela R. Aloisio J. Alvarez-Muñiz A. Ambrosone J. Ammerman Yebra G. A. Anastasi L. Anchordoqui B. Andrada L. Andrade Dourado S. Andringa L. Apollonio C. Aramo E. Arnone J. C. Arteaga Velázquez P. Assis G. Avila E. Avocone A. Bakalova F. Barbato A. Bartz Mocellin J. A. Bellido C. Berat M. E. Bertaina M. Bianciotto P. L. Biermann V. Binet K. Bismark T. Bister J. Biteau J. Blazek J. Blümer M. Boháčová D. Boncioli C. Bonifazi L. Bonneau Arbeletche N. Borodai J. Brack P. G. Brichetto Orchera F. L. Briechle A. Bueno S. Buitink M. Buscemi M. Büsken A. Bwembya K. S. Caballero-Mora S. Cabana-Freire L. Caccianiga F. Campuzano J. Caraça-Valente R. Caruso A. Castellina F. Catalani G. Cataldi L. Cazon M. Cerda B. Čermáková A. Cermenati J. A. Chinellato J. Chudoba L. Chytka R. W. Clay A. C. Cobos Cerutti R. Colalillo R. Conceição A. Condorelli G. Consolati M. Conte F. Convenga D. Correia dos Santos P. J. Costa C. E. Covault M. Cristinziani C. S. Cruz Sanchez S. Dasso K. Daumiller B. R. Dawson R. M. de Almeida E.-T. de Boone B. de Errico J. de Jesús S.J. de Jong J. R. T. de Mello Neto I. De Mitri J. de Oliveira D. de Oliveira Franco F. de Palma V. de Souza E. De Vito A. Del Popolo O. Deligny N. Denner L. Deval A. di Matteo C. Dobrigkeit J. C. D’Olivo L. M. Domingues Mendes Q. Dorosti J. C. dos Anjos R. C. dos Anjos J. Ebr F. Ellwanger M. Emam R. Engel I. Epicoco M. Erdmann A. Etchegoyen C. Evoli H. Falcke G. Farrar A. C. Fauth T. Fehler F. Feldbusch A. Fernandes B. Fick J. M. Figueira P. Filip A. Filipčič T. Fitoussi B. Flaggs T. Fodran M. Freitas T. Fujii A. Fuster C. Galea B. García C. Gaudu P. L. Ghia U. Giaccari F. Gobbi F. Gollan G. Golup M. Gómez Berisso P. F. Gómez Vitale J. P. Gongora J. M. González N. González D. Góra A. Gorgi M. Gottowik F. Guarino G. P. Guedes E. Guido L. Gülzow S. Hahn P. Hamal M. R. Hampel P. Hansen V. M. Harvey A. Haungs T. Hebbeker C. Hojvat J. R. Hörandel P. Horvath M. Hrabovský T. Huege A. Insolia P. G. Isar P. Janecek V. Jilek K.-H. Kampert B. Keilhauer A. Khakurdikar V. V. Kizakke Covilakam H. O. Klages M. Kleifges J. Köhler F. Krieger M. Kubatova N. Kunka B. L. Lago N. Langner M. A. Leigui de Oliveira Y. Lema-Capeans A. Letessier-Selvon I. Lhenry-Yvon L. Lopes J. P. Lundquist A. Machado Payeras M. Mallamaci D. Mandat B. C. Manning P. Mantsch F. M. Mariani A. G. Mariazzi I. C. Mariş G. Marsella D. Martello S. Martinelli M. A. Martins H.-J. Mathes J. Matthews G. Matthiae E. Mayotte S. Mayotte P. O. Mazur G. Medina-Tanco J. Meinert D. Melo A. Menshikov C. Merx S. Michal M. I. Micheletti L. Miramonti M. Mogarkar S. Mollerach F. Montanet L. Morejon K. Mulrey R. Mussa W. M. Namasaka S. Negi L. Nellen K. Nguyen G. Nicora M. Niechciol D. Nitz D. Nosek A. Novikov V. Novotny L. Nožka A. Nucita L. A. Núñez J. Ochoa C. Oliveira L. Östman M. Palatka J. Pallotta S. Panja G. Parente T. Paulsen J. Pawlowsky M. Pech J. Pȩkala R. Pelayo V. Pelgrims L. A. S. Pereira E. E. Pereira Martins C. Pérez Bertolli L. Perrone S. Petrera C. Petrucci T. Pierog M. Pimenta M. Platino B. Pont M. Pourmohammad Shahvar P. Privitera M. Prouza K. Pytel S. Querchfeld J. Rautenberg D. Ravignani J. V. Reginatto Akim A. Reuzki J. Ridky F. Riehn M. Risse V. Rizi E. Rodriguez G. Rodriguez Fernandez J. Rodriguez Rojo M. J. Roncoroni S. Rossoni M. Roth E. Roulet A.C. Rovero A. Saftoiu M. Saharan F. Salamida H. Salazar G. Salina P. Sampathkumar N. San Martin J. D. Sanabria Gomez F. Sánchez E. M. Santos E. Santos F. Sarazin R. Sarmento R. Sato P. Savina V. Scherini H. Schieler M. Schimassek M. Schimp D. Schmidt O. Scholten H. Schoorlemmer P. Schovánek F. G. Schröder J. Schulte T. Schulz S. J. Sciutto M. Scornavacche A. Sedoski A. Segreto S. Sehgal S. U. Shivashankara G. Sigl K. Simkova F. Simon R. Šmída P. Sommers R. Squartini M. Stadelmaier S. Stanič J. Stasielak P. Stassi S. Strähnz M. Straub T. Suomijärvi A. D. Supanitsky Z. Svozilikova Z. Szadkowski F. Tairli A. Tapia C. Taricco C. Timmermans O. Tkachenko P. Tobiska C. J. Todero Peixoto B. Tomé A. Travaini P. Travnicek M. Tueros M. Unger R. Uzeiroska L. Vaclavek M. Vacula I. Vaiman J. F. Valdés Galicia L. Valore E. Varela V. Vašíčková A. Vásquez-Ramírez D. Veberič I. D. Vergara Quispe S. Verpoest V. Verzi J. Vicha J. Vink S. Vorobiov J. B. Vuta C. Watanabe A. A. Watson A. Weindl M. Weitz L. Wiencke H. Wilczyński D. Wittkowski B. Wundheiler B. Yue A. Yushkov E. Zas D. Zavrtanik M. Zavrtanik I. Bizzarri C. Dionese S. Mancuso Scaler Rates from the Pierre Auger Observatory: A New Proxy of Solar Activity The Astrophysical Journal Solar activity Cosmic ray detectors Astronomy data analysis
title	Scaler Rates from the Pierre Auger Observatory: A New Proxy of Solar Activity
title_full	Scaler Rates from the Pierre Auger Observatory: A New Proxy of Solar Activity
title_fullStr	Scaler Rates from the Pierre Auger Observatory: A New Proxy of Solar Activity
title_full_unstemmed	Scaler Rates from the Pierre Auger Observatory: A New Proxy of Solar Activity
title_short	Scaler Rates from the Pierre Auger Observatory: A New Proxy of Solar Activity
title_sort	scaler rates from the pierre auger observatory a new proxy of solar activity
topic	Solar activity Cosmic ray detectors Astronomy data analysis
url	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adccc3
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scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT otkachenko scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT ptobiska scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT cjtoderopeixoto scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT btome scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT atravaini scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT ptravnicek scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT mtueros scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT munger scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT ruzeiroska scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT lvaclavek scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT mvacula scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT ivaiman scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT jfvaldesgalicia scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT lvalore scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT evarela scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT vvasickova scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT avasquezramirez scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT dveberic scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT idvergaraquispe scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT sverpoest scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT vverzi scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT jvicha scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT jvink scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT svorobiov scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT jbvuta scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT cwatanabe scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT aawatson scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT aweindl scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT mweitz scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT lwiencke scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT hwilczynski scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT dwittkowski scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT bwundheiler scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT byue scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT ayushkov scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT ezas scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT dzavrtanik scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT mzavrtanik scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT ibizzarri scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT cdionese scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity AT smancuso scalerratesfromthepierreaugerobservatoryanewproxyofsolaractivity

Scaler Rates from the Pierre Auger Observatory: A New Proxy of Solar Activity

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