Exploring dual-coating strategies for probiotic microencapsulation using polysaccharide and protein systems

Abstract Probiotics are known for their significant health benefits, contributing to improved gut health and overall well-being. Despite their potential, maintaining their viability during processing, storage, and gastrointestinal transit remains a major challenge. Meanwhile, current microencapsulat...

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Main Authors: Phin Yin Sin, Suat Hian Tan, Mohd Fazli Farida Asras, Chin Mei Lee, Thong Chuan Lee, Md. Rezaul Karim, Nyuk Ling Ma
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-07-01
Series:Discover Food
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-025-00540-1
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author Phin Yin Sin
Suat Hian Tan
Mohd Fazli Farida Asras
Chin Mei Lee
Thong Chuan Lee
Md. Rezaul Karim
Nyuk Ling Ma
author_facet Phin Yin Sin
Suat Hian Tan
Mohd Fazli Farida Asras
Chin Mei Lee
Thong Chuan Lee
Md. Rezaul Karim
Nyuk Ling Ma
author_sort Phin Yin Sin
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Probiotics are known for their significant health benefits, contributing to improved gut health and overall well-being. Despite their potential, maintaining their viability during processing, storage, and gastrointestinal transit remains a major challenge. Meanwhile, current microencapsulation techniques often rely on single biopolymers such as polysaccharides or proteins, which are insufficient for comprehensive protection. Polysaccharides form gel-like matrices that shield probiotics from acidic and oxidative stress but lack adequate mechanical strength. Conversely, proteins offer structural stability and emulsifying properties but are less resistant to extreme environmental conditions. These limitations highlight the need for innovative delivery systems. Dual-coating microencapsulation, combining polysaccharides and proteins, has emerged as a promising solution. Polysaccharide–polysaccharide systems enhance gastrointestinal protection through robust gel-like matrices formed via ionic and hydrogen bonding. Protein–polysaccharide systems exploit the complementary properties of both materials, with proteins offering structural support and buffering capacity while polysaccharides enhance stability and control release. These synergistic interactions significantly improve probiotic viability and functionality under extreme conditions. This review examines the mechanisms, benefits, and challenges of dual-coating strategies. Key challenges include strain compatibility, regulatory complexities, and the scalability of manufacturing processes. Future research should focus on advanced techniques like layer-by-layer assembly for precise control of coating layers. Additionally, molecular omics technologies can unravel strain interactions within multi-strain formulations, optimizing encapsulation systems. The integration of sustainable, biocompatible materials into cost-effective processes is critical for commercial success. By addressing these challenges, dual-coating microencapsulation can revolutionize probiotic delivery systems, advancing functional foods and therapeutic applications to promote human health and well-being.
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spelling doaj-art-3a93b63c2ee84f7d957cd287b57e80462025-08-20T03:46:00ZengSpringerDiscover Food2731-42862025-07-015112410.1007/s44187-025-00540-1Exploring dual-coating strategies for probiotic microencapsulation using polysaccharide and protein systemsPhin Yin Sin0Suat Hian Tan1Mohd Fazli Farida Asras2Chin Mei Lee3Thong Chuan Lee4Md. Rezaul Karim5Nyuk Ling Ma6Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al- Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, Pahang Darul MakmurIndustrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al- Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, Pahang Darul MakmurIndustrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al- Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, Pahang Darul MakmurIndustrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al- Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, Pahang Darul MakmurIndustrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al- Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, Pahang Darul Makmur Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of RajshahiSchool of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu Darul ImanAbstract Probiotics are known for their significant health benefits, contributing to improved gut health and overall well-being. Despite their potential, maintaining their viability during processing, storage, and gastrointestinal transit remains a major challenge. Meanwhile, current microencapsulation techniques often rely on single biopolymers such as polysaccharides or proteins, which are insufficient for comprehensive protection. Polysaccharides form gel-like matrices that shield probiotics from acidic and oxidative stress but lack adequate mechanical strength. Conversely, proteins offer structural stability and emulsifying properties but are less resistant to extreme environmental conditions. These limitations highlight the need for innovative delivery systems. Dual-coating microencapsulation, combining polysaccharides and proteins, has emerged as a promising solution. Polysaccharide–polysaccharide systems enhance gastrointestinal protection through robust gel-like matrices formed via ionic and hydrogen bonding. Protein–polysaccharide systems exploit the complementary properties of both materials, with proteins offering structural support and buffering capacity while polysaccharides enhance stability and control release. These synergistic interactions significantly improve probiotic viability and functionality under extreme conditions. This review examines the mechanisms, benefits, and challenges of dual-coating strategies. Key challenges include strain compatibility, regulatory complexities, and the scalability of manufacturing processes. Future research should focus on advanced techniques like layer-by-layer assembly for precise control of coating layers. Additionally, molecular omics technologies can unravel strain interactions within multi-strain formulations, optimizing encapsulation systems. The integration of sustainable, biocompatible materials into cost-effective processes is critical for commercial success. By addressing these challenges, dual-coating microencapsulation can revolutionize probiotic delivery systems, advancing functional foods and therapeutic applications to promote human health and well-being.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-025-00540-1BiopolymersDual-coatingEncapsulationProbioticsSynergistic
spellingShingle Phin Yin Sin
Suat Hian Tan
Mohd Fazli Farida Asras
Chin Mei Lee
Thong Chuan Lee
Md. Rezaul Karim
Nyuk Ling Ma
Exploring dual-coating strategies for probiotic microencapsulation using polysaccharide and protein systems
Discover Food
Biopolymers
Dual-coating
Encapsulation
Probiotics
Synergistic
title Exploring dual-coating strategies for probiotic microencapsulation using polysaccharide and protein systems
title_full Exploring dual-coating strategies for probiotic microencapsulation using polysaccharide and protein systems
title_fullStr Exploring dual-coating strategies for probiotic microencapsulation using polysaccharide and protein systems
title_full_unstemmed Exploring dual-coating strategies for probiotic microencapsulation using polysaccharide and protein systems
title_short Exploring dual-coating strategies for probiotic microencapsulation using polysaccharide and protein systems
title_sort exploring dual coating strategies for probiotic microencapsulation using polysaccharide and protein systems
topic Biopolymers
Dual-coating
Encapsulation
Probiotics
Synergistic
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-025-00540-1
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