Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Dyspeptic and Reflux Symptoms: An Endoscopy-Based Prospective Study from Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
Abstract Background The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in Saudi Arabia has only been reported using questionnaires, which have low sensitivity and specificity compared with endoscopy. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of GERD among dyspeptic ad...
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2025-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00400-2 |
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| author | Abdulaziz M. Alrezuk Mona H. Ismail Raed M. Alsulaiman Turki A. Alamri Ibrahim A. Alhafid Ibrahim M. Alzahrani Abdullah D. Alotaibi Shaya Y. Alqahtani Adel H. Alam Jaber M. Alelyani Zahrah Hassan Aljidhr Ansaf K. Shaikh Anas Abdul Salam Ahmad A. Al-Quorain Joud R. Alsulaiman Aisha Mohammed Al Barqi Ghada Hussain Maghrabi Abdulaziz A. Al-Quorain |
| author_facet | Abdulaziz M. Alrezuk Mona H. Ismail Raed M. Alsulaiman Turki A. Alamri Ibrahim A. Alhafid Ibrahim M. Alzahrani Abdullah D. Alotaibi Shaya Y. Alqahtani Adel H. Alam Jaber M. Alelyani Zahrah Hassan Aljidhr Ansaf K. Shaikh Anas Abdul Salam Ahmad A. Al-Quorain Joud R. Alsulaiman Aisha Mohammed Al Barqi Ghada Hussain Maghrabi Abdulaziz A. Al-Quorain |
| author_sort | Abdulaziz M. Alrezuk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in Saudi Arabia has only been reported using questionnaires, which have low sensitivity and specificity compared with endoscopy. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of GERD among dyspeptic adult patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy at a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. Patients and Methods In this prospective observational study, we included all adult patients (aged ≥ 18 years) with persistent dyspeptic and reflux symptoms who were scheduled for upper GI endoscopy at a tertiary academic hospital in Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, between August 2019 and August 2023. GERD was defined according to the Los Angeles Classification (Grades A–D), while non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) was defined according to the Montreal International Consensus. Results We included 303 patients in the study (mean age: 44.1 years; female: 57.8%). Endoscopic findings revealed hiatal hernia (51.9%) and esophagitis (31.4%) as the most common esophageal abnormalities, while gastritis (83.5%) and duodenitis (73.7%) were the most common findings in the stomach and duodenum, respectively. The prevalence of GERD was 20.1%, while NERD was the most frequent diagnosis (28.1%). The prevalence of GERD was significantly higher in males (P < 0.001) and among patients with regurgitation (P = 0.033), abnormal esophageal findings (P < 0.001), esophagitis or incompetent cardia (P < 0.001), and gastric ulcers (P = 0.041). Independent predictors of GERD were male gender (OR: 2.77; 95% CI: 1.53–5.01; P = 0.001) and the presence of “other” comorbidities (OR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.11–5.83; P = 0.027). Conclusion This prospective study found that about one-fifth of the patients undergoing upper GI endoscopy for dyspeptic and reflux symptoms at a tertiary hospital in Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, had GERD, and more than one-fourth had NERD. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-39f4e35252304c6d8d78b3af89ed913f |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2210-6014 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-39f4e35252304c6d8d78b3af89ed913f2025-08-20T03:10:13ZengSpringerJournal of Epidemiology and Global Health2210-60142025-04-011511910.1007/s44197-025-00400-2Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Dyspeptic and Reflux Symptoms: An Endoscopy-Based Prospective Study from Al Khobar, Saudi ArabiaAbdulaziz M. Alrezuk0Mona H. Ismail1Raed M. Alsulaiman2Turki A. Alamri3Ibrahim A. Alhafid4Ibrahim M. Alzahrani5Abdullah D. Alotaibi6Shaya Y. Alqahtani7Adel H. Alam8Jaber M. Alelyani9Zahrah Hassan Aljidhr10Ansaf K. Shaikh11Anas Abdul Salam12Ahmad A. Al-Quorain13Joud R. Alsulaiman14Aisha Mohammed Al Barqi15Ghada Hussain Maghrabi16Abdulaziz A. Al-Quorain17Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the UniversityDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the UniversityDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the UniversityDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the UniversityDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the UniversityDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the UniversityDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the UniversityIntensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the UniversityDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Military Medical ComplexDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the UniversityDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the UniversityVice Presidency for Scientific Research and Innovation, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityVice Presidency for Scientific Research and Innovation, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityCollege of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityCollege of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityDepartment of Nursing, Endoscopy Unit, King Fahd Hospital of the UniversityDepartment of Nursing, Endoscopy Unit, King Fahd Hospital of the UniversityDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the UniversityAbstract Background The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in Saudi Arabia has only been reported using questionnaires, which have low sensitivity and specificity compared with endoscopy. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of GERD among dyspeptic adult patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy at a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. Patients and Methods In this prospective observational study, we included all adult patients (aged ≥ 18 years) with persistent dyspeptic and reflux symptoms who were scheduled for upper GI endoscopy at a tertiary academic hospital in Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, between August 2019 and August 2023. GERD was defined according to the Los Angeles Classification (Grades A–D), while non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) was defined according to the Montreal International Consensus. Results We included 303 patients in the study (mean age: 44.1 years; female: 57.8%). Endoscopic findings revealed hiatal hernia (51.9%) and esophagitis (31.4%) as the most common esophageal abnormalities, while gastritis (83.5%) and duodenitis (73.7%) were the most common findings in the stomach and duodenum, respectively. The prevalence of GERD was 20.1%, while NERD was the most frequent diagnosis (28.1%). The prevalence of GERD was significantly higher in males (P < 0.001) and among patients with regurgitation (P = 0.033), abnormal esophageal findings (P < 0.001), esophagitis or incompetent cardia (P < 0.001), and gastric ulcers (P = 0.041). Independent predictors of GERD were male gender (OR: 2.77; 95% CI: 1.53–5.01; P = 0.001) and the presence of “other” comorbidities (OR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.11–5.83; P = 0.027). Conclusion This prospective study found that about one-fifth of the patients undergoing upper GI endoscopy for dyspeptic and reflux symptoms at a tertiary hospital in Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, had GERD, and more than one-fourth had NERD.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00400-2DyspepsiaEndoscopyGastroesophageal reflux diseaseNon-erosive reflux diseasePrevalenceRisk factors |
| spellingShingle | Abdulaziz M. Alrezuk Mona H. Ismail Raed M. Alsulaiman Turki A. Alamri Ibrahim A. Alhafid Ibrahim M. Alzahrani Abdullah D. Alotaibi Shaya Y. Alqahtani Adel H. Alam Jaber M. Alelyani Zahrah Hassan Aljidhr Ansaf K. Shaikh Anas Abdul Salam Ahmad A. Al-Quorain Joud R. Alsulaiman Aisha Mohammed Al Barqi Ghada Hussain Maghrabi Abdulaziz A. Al-Quorain Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Dyspeptic and Reflux Symptoms: An Endoscopy-Based Prospective Study from Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health Dyspepsia Endoscopy Gastroesophageal reflux disease Non-erosive reflux disease Prevalence Risk factors |
| title | Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Dyspeptic and Reflux Symptoms: An Endoscopy-Based Prospective Study from Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia |
| title_full | Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Dyspeptic and Reflux Symptoms: An Endoscopy-Based Prospective Study from Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Dyspeptic and Reflux Symptoms: An Endoscopy-Based Prospective Study from Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Dyspeptic and Reflux Symptoms: An Endoscopy-Based Prospective Study from Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia |
| title_short | Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Dyspeptic and Reflux Symptoms: An Endoscopy-Based Prospective Study from Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia |
| title_sort | prevalence and risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with dyspeptic and reflux symptoms an endoscopy based prospective study from al khobar saudi arabia |
| topic | Dyspepsia Endoscopy Gastroesophageal reflux disease Non-erosive reflux disease Prevalence Risk factors |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00400-2 |
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