Influence of humidity conditions on the performance of CO2-cured LC3

In the pursuit of low-carbon cement technologies, both limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) and CO₂ curing have shown great promise for reducing emissions in the construction industry. This study investigates the synergistic effects of CO₂ curing and ambient humidity on the mechanical performance an...

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Main Authors: Zhongming Li, Yin Bai, Qi Luo
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-07-01
Series:Case Studies in Construction Materials
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214509525005455
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author Zhongming Li
Yin Bai
Qi Luo
author_facet Zhongming Li
Yin Bai
Qi Luo
author_sort Zhongming Li
collection DOAJ
description In the pursuit of low-carbon cement technologies, both limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) and CO₂ curing have shown great promise for reducing emissions in the construction industry. This study investigates the synergistic effects of CO₂ curing and ambient humidity on the mechanical performance and microstructure of LC3. Cylindrical LC3 specimens were prepared using a low water-to-binder ratio and compaction molding, followed by 3-hour CO₂ curing under different relative humidity conditions (50 %, 70 %, and 95 %) and subsequent conventional curing. The results reveal that CO₂ curing significantly enhances the strength and densification of LC3. At an optimal cement replacement level of 30 %, compressive strength at 28 days increased by up to 18.8 % under high-humidity carbonation (95 %) compared to non-carbonated reference samples. At 90 days, the strength reached 87.3 MPa. High humidity during carbonation facilitated the formation of calcium carbonate and C-S-H gels, leading to a denser microstructure with reduced porosity and crack formation. These findings demonstrate that combining LC3 with humidity-optimized CO₂ curing offers a robust pathway toward high-performance, low-carbon cementitious materials, with clear implications for sustainable construction practices.
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spelling doaj-art-39b620c54816419f9e469c078a7f39d92025-08-20T02:27:15ZengElsevierCase Studies in Construction Materials2214-50952025-07-0122e0474710.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04747Influence of humidity conditions on the performance of CO2-cured LC3Zhongming Li0Yin Bai1Qi Luo2School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, PR ChinaSchool of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, PR ChinaDepartment of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; Corresponding author.In the pursuit of low-carbon cement technologies, both limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) and CO₂ curing have shown great promise for reducing emissions in the construction industry. This study investigates the synergistic effects of CO₂ curing and ambient humidity on the mechanical performance and microstructure of LC3. Cylindrical LC3 specimens were prepared using a low water-to-binder ratio and compaction molding, followed by 3-hour CO₂ curing under different relative humidity conditions (50 %, 70 %, and 95 %) and subsequent conventional curing. The results reveal that CO₂ curing significantly enhances the strength and densification of LC3. At an optimal cement replacement level of 30 %, compressive strength at 28 days increased by up to 18.8 % under high-humidity carbonation (95 %) compared to non-carbonated reference samples. At 90 days, the strength reached 87.3 MPa. High humidity during carbonation facilitated the formation of calcium carbonate and C-S-H gels, leading to a denser microstructure with reduced porosity and crack formation. These findings demonstrate that combining LC3 with humidity-optimized CO₂ curing offers a robust pathway toward high-performance, low-carbon cementitious materials, with clear implications for sustainable construction practices.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214509525005455Limestone calcined clay cementCarbonation curingHumidity levelMechanical propertyMicrostructural analysis
spellingShingle Zhongming Li
Yin Bai
Qi Luo
Influence of humidity conditions on the performance of CO2-cured LC3
Case Studies in Construction Materials
Limestone calcined clay cement
Carbonation curing
Humidity level
Mechanical property
Microstructural analysis
title Influence of humidity conditions on the performance of CO2-cured LC3
title_full Influence of humidity conditions on the performance of CO2-cured LC3
title_fullStr Influence of humidity conditions on the performance of CO2-cured LC3
title_full_unstemmed Influence of humidity conditions on the performance of CO2-cured LC3
title_short Influence of humidity conditions on the performance of CO2-cured LC3
title_sort influence of humidity conditions on the performance of co2 cured lc3
topic Limestone calcined clay cement
Carbonation curing
Humidity level
Mechanical property
Microstructural analysis
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214509525005455
work_keys_str_mv AT zhongmingli influenceofhumidityconditionsontheperformanceofco2curedlc3
AT yinbai influenceofhumidityconditionsontheperformanceofco2curedlc3
AT qiluo influenceofhumidityconditionsontheperformanceofco2curedlc3