Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies
<p>Gemstones have significant economic, cultural, and artistic value. Advances in the treatment and production of synthetic gemstones create the need for more precise identification methods to distinguish natural stones from their synthetic and treated counterparts. Fourier-transform infrared...
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| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2025-02-01
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| Series: | European Journal of Mineralogy |
| Online Access: | https://ejm.copernicus.org/articles/37/53/2025/ejm-37-53-2025.pdf |
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| author | A. Soares de Sousa E. M. C. Gomes L. Bayés-García A. Di Mariano M. Garcia-Valles |
| author_facet | A. Soares de Sousa E. M. C. Gomes L. Bayés-García A. Di Mariano M. Garcia-Valles |
| author_sort | A. Soares de Sousa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Gemstones have significant economic, cultural, and artistic value. Advances in the treatment and production of synthetic gemstones create the need for more precise identification methods to distinguish natural stones from their synthetic and treated counterparts. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, a non-destructive technique, is widely employed in advanced gemological analysis. In this study, 25 rubies and sapphires (natural, synthetic, and treated) from the Gemology School of the University of Barcelona were analysed using standard gemological instruments and FTIR spectroscopy. Distinct spectral fingerprints were identified for different categories and treatments. Untreated natural stones showed a band at 3230 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> (with an additional peak at 3310 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> in sapphires), whereas Verneuil specimens showed peaks at 3185, 2230, and 3310 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> (with this last peak being more intense the one at 3310 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> in sapphires), and flux specimens showed a 3310 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> band. Regarding treated gemstones, diffusion-treated samples showed a faint band centred at 3310 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>; the glass-filled ones exhibited characteristic bands at 2250, 2600, and 3300 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>; and the treated Verneuil ruby showed a band centred at 3310 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>. These spectral fingerprints can be used to distinguish between natural, synthetic, and treated rubies and sapphires and contribute to existing databases, allowing for simpler and faster gemological analysis in future studies.</p> |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-397bd0e497f941af99c9a6aee05fca8f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0935-1221 1617-4011 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | European Journal of Mineralogy |
| spelling | doaj-art-397bd0e497f941af99c9a6aee05fca8f2025-02-07T16:12:25ZengCopernicus PublicationsEuropean Journal of Mineralogy0935-12211617-40112025-02-0137536210.5194/ejm-37-53-2025Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologiesA. Soares de Sousa0E. M. C. Gomes1L. Bayés-García2A. Di Mariano3M. Garcia-Valles4Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, SpainCentre for Earth and Space Research of the University of Coimbra – CITEUC, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, PortugalDepartament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, SpainDepartament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, SpainDepartament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain<p>Gemstones have significant economic, cultural, and artistic value. Advances in the treatment and production of synthetic gemstones create the need for more precise identification methods to distinguish natural stones from their synthetic and treated counterparts. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, a non-destructive technique, is widely employed in advanced gemological analysis. In this study, 25 rubies and sapphires (natural, synthetic, and treated) from the Gemology School of the University of Barcelona were analysed using standard gemological instruments and FTIR spectroscopy. Distinct spectral fingerprints were identified for different categories and treatments. Untreated natural stones showed a band at 3230 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> (with an additional peak at 3310 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> in sapphires), whereas Verneuil specimens showed peaks at 3185, 2230, and 3310 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> (with this last peak being more intense the one at 3310 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> in sapphires), and flux specimens showed a 3310 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> band. Regarding treated gemstones, diffusion-treated samples showed a faint band centred at 3310 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>; the glass-filled ones exhibited characteristic bands at 2250, 2600, and 3300 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>; and the treated Verneuil ruby showed a band centred at 3310 cm<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>. These spectral fingerprints can be used to distinguish between natural, synthetic, and treated rubies and sapphires and contribute to existing databases, allowing for simpler and faster gemological analysis in future studies.</p>https://ejm.copernicus.org/articles/37/53/2025/ejm-37-53-2025.pdf |
| spellingShingle | A. Soares de Sousa E. M. C. Gomes L. Bayés-García A. Di Mariano M. Garcia-Valles Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies European Journal of Mineralogy |
| title | Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies |
| title_full | Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies |
| title_fullStr | Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies |
| title_short | Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies |
| title_sort | fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through fourier transform infrared ftir methodologies |
| url | https://ejm.copernicus.org/articles/37/53/2025/ejm-37-53-2025.pdf |
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