Vanillin Has Potent Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities In Vitro and in Mouse Colitis Induced by Multidrug-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i>
A large number of cases of infectious colitis caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as <i>Escherichia coli</i>, can result in colon damage and severe inflammation. Vanilla, a widely utilized flavor and fragrance compound, is extensively used in various food. However, the eff...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-12-01
|
| Series: | Antioxidants |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/13/12/1544 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Summary: | A large number of cases of infectious colitis caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as <i>Escherichia coli</i>, can result in colon damage and severe inflammation. Vanilla, a widely utilized flavor and fragrance compound, is extensively used in various food. However, the effect of vanilla on MDR <i>E. coli</i>-induced infectious colitis has received less attention. In this study, the antibacterial activity of vanillin against MDR <i>E. coli</i> and other bacteria was determined by the microtiter broth dilution method. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of vanillin was assessed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and MDR <i>E. coli</i>-induced mouse colitis. The results demonstrated that vanillin exhibited potent antibacterial activity against various strains of MDR <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Salmonella</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.25–2.5 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 5–10 mg/mL; it effectively inhibited cell division in <i>E. coli</i>. Vanillin also displayed remarkable antioxidant activity by suppressing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell; it significantly reduced the production of inflammatory mediators including nitroxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), while increasing interleukin 10 (IL-10). In an MDR <i>E. coli</i>-induced mouse colitis model, vanillin effectively inhibited inflammation by suppressing inflammatory cytokines, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB) cell signaling pathway activation; it ameliorated changes in intestinal microflora characterized by decreased Firmicutes richness alongside increased Bacteroides richness, rebalancing the dysbiosis caused by <i>E. coli</i>. These findings highlight the potential pharmacological applicability of vanillin as a promising bioactive molecule for treating infectious colitis. |
|---|---|
| ISSN: | 2076-3921 |