Concentrations and exposure risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Southern China during the first 400 days of lactation
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) pose significant health risks, particularly for infants who are highly susceptible during early life. Although several studies have reported PFASs concentrations and exposure risks in human milk in China, they typically cover only up to 3 months postpartum...
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Elsevier
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651324015185 |
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| author | Meng-Tao Yang Fei Yang Qiu-Ye Lan Si-Yu Huang Xiao-Yan Chen Ying-Zhen Qiu Hui-Lian Zhu |
| author_facet | Meng-Tao Yang Fei Yang Qiu-Ye Lan Si-Yu Huang Xiao-Yan Chen Ying-Zhen Qiu Hui-Lian Zhu |
| author_sort | Meng-Tao Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) pose significant health risks, particularly for infants who are highly susceptible during early life. Although several studies have reported PFASs concentrations and exposure risks in human milk in China, they typically cover only up to 3 months postpartum, failing to align with the WHO recommendation of continued breastfeeding to 2 years of age. Therefore, this study aimed to address this gap by investigating the concentrations and exposure risks of legacy and emerging PFASs in human milk collected during the first 400 days postpartum from Southern China. We detected all the target 23 PFASs compounds, with 22 PFASs found in more than half of the samples. The median concentration of total PFASs in human milk was 151 ng/L, with PFOA, PFOS, 6:2 Cl-PFESA, and 8:2 Cl-PFESA being the most abundant. Total PFASs concentration peaked within the first 45 days postpartum (median, 154 ng/L), significantly higher than that at 200 −240 days (median, 145 ng/L) and 300 −400 days postpartum (median, 148 ng/L). PFBA, PFOA, PFNA, ADONA and PFOS also exhibited similar lactation patterns. Additionally, we calculated the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of total PFASs for infants by multiplying their concentration in human milk by daily milk consumption, and dividing by body weight. The median EDIs of PFASs were 19.0, 10.2, and 9.03 ng/kg bw/d at 0 −45 days, 200 −240 days, and 300 −400 days postpartum, respectively. The corresponding median hazard quotients of PFASs for infants were 11.2, 5.43, and 5.23, respectively. These findings suggest persistent risks of PFASs exposure for infants through human milk during the first 400 days postpartum. However, breastfeeding remains the optimal choice due to its significant health benefits. It is crucial to reduce human milk PFASs concentrations by minimizing dietary and environmental exposures among lactating women. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3929551997544b0086a9a18d41a0e3af |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0147-6513 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| spelling | doaj-art-3929551997544b0086a9a18d41a0e3af2025-01-23T05:25:33ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132025-01-01289117442Concentrations and exposure risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Southern China during the first 400 days of lactationMeng-Tao Yang0Fei Yang1Qiu-Ye Lan2Si-Yu Huang3Xiao-Yan Chen4Ying-Zhen Qiu5Hui-Lian Zhu6Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Tianhe District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Correspondence to: School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No.74 of Zhongshanerlu Road, Guangzhou 510080, ChinaPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) pose significant health risks, particularly for infants who are highly susceptible during early life. Although several studies have reported PFASs concentrations and exposure risks in human milk in China, they typically cover only up to 3 months postpartum, failing to align with the WHO recommendation of continued breastfeeding to 2 years of age. Therefore, this study aimed to address this gap by investigating the concentrations and exposure risks of legacy and emerging PFASs in human milk collected during the first 400 days postpartum from Southern China. We detected all the target 23 PFASs compounds, with 22 PFASs found in more than half of the samples. The median concentration of total PFASs in human milk was 151 ng/L, with PFOA, PFOS, 6:2 Cl-PFESA, and 8:2 Cl-PFESA being the most abundant. Total PFASs concentration peaked within the first 45 days postpartum (median, 154 ng/L), significantly higher than that at 200 −240 days (median, 145 ng/L) and 300 −400 days postpartum (median, 148 ng/L). PFBA, PFOA, PFNA, ADONA and PFOS also exhibited similar lactation patterns. Additionally, we calculated the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of total PFASs for infants by multiplying their concentration in human milk by daily milk consumption, and dividing by body weight. The median EDIs of PFASs were 19.0, 10.2, and 9.03 ng/kg bw/d at 0 −45 days, 200 −240 days, and 300 −400 days postpartum, respectively. The corresponding median hazard quotients of PFASs for infants were 11.2, 5.43, and 5.23, respectively. These findings suggest persistent risks of PFASs exposure for infants through human milk during the first 400 days postpartum. However, breastfeeding remains the optimal choice due to its significant health benefits. It is crucial to reduce human milk PFASs concentrations by minimizing dietary and environmental exposures among lactating women.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651324015185PFASsEmerging PFASsHuman milkExposure risksProlonged lactation |
| spellingShingle | Meng-Tao Yang Fei Yang Qiu-Ye Lan Si-Yu Huang Xiao-Yan Chen Ying-Zhen Qiu Hui-Lian Zhu Concentrations and exposure risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Southern China during the first 400 days of lactation Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety PFASs Emerging PFASs Human milk Exposure risks Prolonged lactation |
| title | Concentrations and exposure risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Southern China during the first 400 days of lactation |
| title_full | Concentrations and exposure risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Southern China during the first 400 days of lactation |
| title_fullStr | Concentrations and exposure risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Southern China during the first 400 days of lactation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Concentrations and exposure risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Southern China during the first 400 days of lactation |
| title_short | Concentrations and exposure risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Southern China during the first 400 days of lactation |
| title_sort | concentrations and exposure risks of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from southern china during the first 400 days of lactation |
| topic | PFASs Emerging PFASs Human milk Exposure risks Prolonged lactation |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651324015185 |
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