Stable-to-dynamic expansion of fault slipping area through fluid injection observed in laboratory experiments using a sub-meter scale specimen
Abstract In the field, locally applied fluid pressure can initiate fault slip, which may expand unstably over a wide area under certain conditions, generating elastic waves and inducing earthquakes. Therefore, examining the unstable expansion of the initial slip is important. However, reproducing th...
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SpringerOpen
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Earth, Planets and Space |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-024-02092-7 |
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| author | Takatoshi Ito Koji Aoki Yusuke Mukuhira Yasuo Yabe |
| author_facet | Takatoshi Ito Koji Aoki Yusuke Mukuhira Yasuo Yabe |
| author_sort | Takatoshi Ito |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract In the field, locally applied fluid pressure can initiate fault slip, which may expand unstably over a wide area under certain conditions, generating elastic waves and inducing earthquakes. Therefore, examining the unstable expansion of the initial slip is important. However, reproducing this process in laboratory experiments, such as triaxial loading tests on small cylindrical specimens with inclined faults, is challenging. To achieve this, we prepared a sub-meter-scale cubic specimen, which was separated into two triangular prisms by a model fault. The specimen was subjected to biaxial compression of different magnitudes. A 2D array of strain gauges was embedded beneath the fault plane to measure the changes in shear strain with fault slip driven by fluid injection. Based on the experimental results, we discussed the features of the injection-induced fault slips that lead to earthquakes. The strain increased locally around the edge of the fault slipping area by approximately 10 με, which is equivalent to a shear stress of ~ 0.1 MPa. The fault slipping area first expanded gradually and then unstably beyond the fluid invasion area approximately 3 s after the slip was initiated. The unstable expansion of initial slips was suppressed by reducing the initial shear stress on the fault by 0.3 MPa. In this case, the initial shear stress was possibly too small for additional stress to accumulate at the edge of the fault-slipping area to overcome the static frictional strength of the fault. Our experimental study explicitly confirms that injection-induced aseismic slip can outpace the fluid migration front, finally leading up to a runaway rupture. It also confirms that the level of initial shear stress is important in controlling the rupture size under fluid injection. Graphical Abstract |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1880-5981 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
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| series | Earth, Planets and Space |
| spelling | doaj-art-38f047628dbe4c01af8977bd1b071d712025-08-20T02:32:56ZengSpringerOpenEarth, Planets and Space1880-59812024-11-0176111910.1186/s40623-024-02092-7Stable-to-dynamic expansion of fault slipping area through fluid injection observed in laboratory experiments using a sub-meter scale specimenTakatoshi Ito0Koji Aoki1Yusuke Mukuhira2Yasuo Yabe3Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku UniversityInstitute of Fluid Science, Tohoku UniversityInstitute of Fluid Science, Tohoku UniversityResearch Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku UniversityAbstract In the field, locally applied fluid pressure can initiate fault slip, which may expand unstably over a wide area under certain conditions, generating elastic waves and inducing earthquakes. Therefore, examining the unstable expansion of the initial slip is important. However, reproducing this process in laboratory experiments, such as triaxial loading tests on small cylindrical specimens with inclined faults, is challenging. To achieve this, we prepared a sub-meter-scale cubic specimen, which was separated into two triangular prisms by a model fault. The specimen was subjected to biaxial compression of different magnitudes. A 2D array of strain gauges was embedded beneath the fault plane to measure the changes in shear strain with fault slip driven by fluid injection. Based on the experimental results, we discussed the features of the injection-induced fault slips that lead to earthquakes. The strain increased locally around the edge of the fault slipping area by approximately 10 με, which is equivalent to a shear stress of ~ 0.1 MPa. The fault slipping area first expanded gradually and then unstably beyond the fluid invasion area approximately 3 s after the slip was initiated. The unstable expansion of initial slips was suppressed by reducing the initial shear stress on the fault by 0.3 MPa. In this case, the initial shear stress was possibly too small for additional stress to accumulate at the edge of the fault-slipping area to overcome the static frictional strength of the fault. Our experimental study explicitly confirms that injection-induced aseismic slip can outpace the fluid migration front, finally leading up to a runaway rupture. It also confirms that the level of initial shear stress is important in controlling the rupture size under fluid injection. Graphical Abstracthttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-024-02092-7FracturingInjection-induced earthquakeFault slipLaboratory experimentShear strainRunaway rupture |
| spellingShingle | Takatoshi Ito Koji Aoki Yusuke Mukuhira Yasuo Yabe Stable-to-dynamic expansion of fault slipping area through fluid injection observed in laboratory experiments using a sub-meter scale specimen Earth, Planets and Space Fracturing Injection-induced earthquake Fault slip Laboratory experiment Shear strain Runaway rupture |
| title | Stable-to-dynamic expansion of fault slipping area through fluid injection observed in laboratory experiments using a sub-meter scale specimen |
| title_full | Stable-to-dynamic expansion of fault slipping area through fluid injection observed in laboratory experiments using a sub-meter scale specimen |
| title_fullStr | Stable-to-dynamic expansion of fault slipping area through fluid injection observed in laboratory experiments using a sub-meter scale specimen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stable-to-dynamic expansion of fault slipping area through fluid injection observed in laboratory experiments using a sub-meter scale specimen |
| title_short | Stable-to-dynamic expansion of fault slipping area through fluid injection observed in laboratory experiments using a sub-meter scale specimen |
| title_sort | stable to dynamic expansion of fault slipping area through fluid injection observed in laboratory experiments using a sub meter scale specimen |
| topic | Fracturing Injection-induced earthquake Fault slip Laboratory experiment Shear strain Runaway rupture |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-024-02092-7 |
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