Evaluation of pupillary functions in adult vitamin D deficiency patients

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the pupillary dynamics in patients with serum vitamin D (25(OH)-D) levels below normal and compared with healthy controls. Methods This study included 132 patients and 76 healthy controls. Serum 25(OH)-D concentrations within the range of 10 to 30 ng/mL were classified a...

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Main Authors: Zeki baysal, Ömer Özer, Levent Doğan, Ercan Sezgın, Emin Serbülent Güçlü, Pınar Eröz
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-04-01
Series:BMC Ophthalmology
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-025-04041-8
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author Zeki baysal
Ömer Özer
Levent Doğan
Ercan Sezgın
Emin Serbülent Güçlü
Pınar Eröz
author_facet Zeki baysal
Ömer Özer
Levent Doğan
Ercan Sezgın
Emin Serbülent Güçlü
Pınar Eröz
author_sort Zeki baysal
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Purpose To evaluate the pupillary dynamics in patients with serum vitamin D (25(OH)-D) levels below normal and compared with healthy controls. Methods This study included 132 patients and 76 healthy controls. Serum 25(OH)-D concentrations within the range of 10 to 30 ng/mL were classified as vitamin D insufficiency (VDI, Group 1), while those at or below 10 ng/mL were categorized as vitamin D deficiency (VDD, Group 2). The static phase of pupillometry, including scotopic, mesopic, and photopic pupil diameters, was evaluated. Additionally, in the dynamic phase of pupillometric evaluation, pupil dilation velocity (mm/sec) was calculated. These values were compared between patient and control groups. Results In static pupil diameters, only photopic pupil diameters were significantly different between Groups 1 and 2 compared to the control group (p = 0.012 and p = 0.008, respectively). In dynamic measurements, the pupil diameter values showed a statistically significant difference between the patient and control groups (p = 0.003). In intragroup comparison, the mean pupil diameter was 3.42 ± 0.81 mm in group 1 and 3.94 ± 0.96 mm in group 2 (p = 0.029). Mean pupil dilation velocity was significantly slower in the patient group (p < 0.001). In intragroup comparison, the mean pupil dilation velocity was 0.162 ± 0.049 mm/sec in group 1 and 0.088 ± 0.032 mm/sec in group 2 (p < 0.001). Conclusion We demonstrated that VDD alters pupillary functions with objective measurements. Our study may shed light on the role of vitamin D in multisystemic diseases since it is expressed in many tissues and has multiple functions. Multicenter studies with a large number of participants are needed in the future.
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spelling doaj-art-38c44456a2d143d2adb6a2b88e0c3bac2025-08-20T03:18:53ZengBMCBMC Ophthalmology1471-24152025-04-012511610.1186/s12886-025-04041-8Evaluation of pupillary functions in adult vitamin D deficiency patientsZeki baysal0Ömer Özer1Levent Doğan2Ercan Sezgın3Emin Serbülent Güçlü4Pınar Eröz5Department of Ophthalmology, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir UniversityDepartment of Ophthalmology, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir UniversityDepartment of Ophthalmology, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir UniversityClinic of Ophthalmology, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Training and Research Hospital, Clinic ofInternal MedicineClinic of Ophthalmology, Mersin State HospitalClinic of Ophthalmology, Tarsus State HospitalAbstract Purpose To evaluate the pupillary dynamics in patients with serum vitamin D (25(OH)-D) levels below normal and compared with healthy controls. Methods This study included 132 patients and 76 healthy controls. Serum 25(OH)-D concentrations within the range of 10 to 30 ng/mL were classified as vitamin D insufficiency (VDI, Group 1), while those at or below 10 ng/mL were categorized as vitamin D deficiency (VDD, Group 2). The static phase of pupillometry, including scotopic, mesopic, and photopic pupil diameters, was evaluated. Additionally, in the dynamic phase of pupillometric evaluation, pupil dilation velocity (mm/sec) was calculated. These values were compared between patient and control groups. Results In static pupil diameters, only photopic pupil diameters were significantly different between Groups 1 and 2 compared to the control group (p = 0.012 and p = 0.008, respectively). In dynamic measurements, the pupil diameter values showed a statistically significant difference between the patient and control groups (p = 0.003). In intragroup comparison, the mean pupil diameter was 3.42 ± 0.81 mm in group 1 and 3.94 ± 0.96 mm in group 2 (p = 0.029). Mean pupil dilation velocity was significantly slower in the patient group (p < 0.001). In intragroup comparison, the mean pupil dilation velocity was 0.162 ± 0.049 mm/sec in group 1 and 0.088 ± 0.032 mm/sec in group 2 (p < 0.001). Conclusion We demonstrated that VDD alters pupillary functions with objective measurements. Our study may shed light on the role of vitamin D in multisystemic diseases since it is expressed in many tissues and has multiple functions. Multicenter studies with a large number of participants are needed in the future.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-025-04041-8Automatic pupillometryAutomatic nervous systemPupillary functionVitamin D
spellingShingle Zeki baysal
Ömer Özer
Levent Doğan
Ercan Sezgın
Emin Serbülent Güçlü
Pınar Eröz
Evaluation of pupillary functions in adult vitamin D deficiency patients
BMC Ophthalmology
Automatic pupillometry
Automatic nervous system
Pupillary function
Vitamin D
title Evaluation of pupillary functions in adult vitamin D deficiency patients
title_full Evaluation of pupillary functions in adult vitamin D deficiency patients
title_fullStr Evaluation of pupillary functions in adult vitamin D deficiency patients
title_full_unstemmed Evaluation of pupillary functions in adult vitamin D deficiency patients
title_short Evaluation of pupillary functions in adult vitamin D deficiency patients
title_sort evaluation of pupillary functions in adult vitamin d deficiency patients
topic Automatic pupillometry
Automatic nervous system
Pupillary function
Vitamin D
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-025-04041-8
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