<i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> Ethanolic Extract Indicated In Vitro Anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> Effect
This study aims to investigate three endemic ethanolic leaf extracts from Cyprus for anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> activities: <i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> (Boiss.) Bolliger, <i>Ptilostemon chamaepeuce</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i>...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Chad Schou Zeynep Kolören Jandirk Sendker Yiannis Sarigiannis Aleksandar Jovanovic Panagiotis Karanis |
| author_facet | Chad Schou Zeynep Kolören Jandirk Sendker Yiannis Sarigiannis Aleksandar Jovanovic Panagiotis Karanis |
| author_sort | Chad Schou |
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| description | This study aims to investigate three endemic ethanolic leaf extracts from Cyprus for anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> activities: <i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> (Boiss.) Bolliger, <i>Ptilostemon chamaepeuce</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> (Greuter) Chrtek & B. Slavík, and Quercus <i>alnifolia</i> Poech. Screening for radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) were performed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABST) methods, Folin–Ciocalteu method, and aluminum chloride method, respectively. An antibacterial-susceptibility test (AST) was performed using a broth microdilution assay to estimate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT). Trypan blue (0.5%) was used to assess in vitro anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> cell viability of the ethanolic leaf extracts after 24-, 48-, and 72-h exposure—screening of ethanolic leaf extracts with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for known compounds with biological activity. The ethanolic leaf extract of <i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> demonstrated the highest anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> activity, with an inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) of 7.02 mg/mL after 72 h. This extract also showed an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.625 mg/mL against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, a common nosocomial pathogen. The LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of bioactive iridoid compounds in <i>O. linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i>, further highlighting its potential as a source for new drug compounds. The ethanolic extract of <i>O</i>. <i>linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> demonstrated a dose-dependent and time-dependent anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> effect in vitro. This study is the first to report the presence of iridoid compounds and anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> activities in the ethanolic extract of <i>O. linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius.</i> These promising findings highlight the potential of plant extracts, particularly <i>O. linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i>, as a source for new drug compounds for <i>Acanthamoeba</i> infections. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-38aac9ce69ff43e0aeadd2c5d0e9c4042024-11-26T18:14:52ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072024-11-011211230310.3390/microorganisms12112303<i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> Ethanolic Extract Indicated In Vitro Anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> EffectChad Schou0Zeynep Kolören1Jandirk Sendker2Yiannis Sarigiannis3Aleksandar Jovanovic4Panagiotis Karanis5Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, CY-1700 Nicosia, CyprusDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ordu University, 5200 Altınordu, Ordu, TurkeyInstitute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Münster, PharmaCampus, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, GermanyDepartment of Health Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, CY-2417 Nicosia, CyprusDepartment of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, CY-1700 Nicosia, CyprusDepartment of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, CY-1700 Nicosia, CyprusThis study aims to investigate three endemic ethanolic leaf extracts from Cyprus for anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> activities: <i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> (Boiss.) Bolliger, <i>Ptilostemon chamaepeuce</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> (Greuter) Chrtek & B. Slavík, and Quercus <i>alnifolia</i> Poech. Screening for radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) were performed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABST) methods, Folin–Ciocalteu method, and aluminum chloride method, respectively. An antibacterial-susceptibility test (AST) was performed using a broth microdilution assay to estimate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT). Trypan blue (0.5%) was used to assess in vitro anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> cell viability of the ethanolic leaf extracts after 24-, 48-, and 72-h exposure—screening of ethanolic leaf extracts with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for known compounds with biological activity. The ethanolic leaf extract of <i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> demonstrated the highest anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> activity, with an inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) of 7.02 mg/mL after 72 h. This extract also showed an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.625 mg/mL against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, a common nosocomial pathogen. The LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of bioactive iridoid compounds in <i>O. linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i>, further highlighting its potential as a source for new drug compounds. The ethanolic extract of <i>O</i>. <i>linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> demonstrated a dose-dependent and time-dependent anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> effect in vitro. This study is the first to report the presence of iridoid compounds and anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> activities in the ethanolic extract of <i>O. linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius.</i> These promising findings highlight the potential of plant extracts, particularly <i>O. linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i>, as a source for new drug compounds for <i>Acanthamoeba</i> infections.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/11/2303anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> effectethanolic leaf extracts<i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i>in vitro |
| spellingShingle | Chad Schou Zeynep Kolören Jandirk Sendker Yiannis Sarigiannis Aleksandar Jovanovic Panagiotis Karanis <i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> Ethanolic Extract Indicated In Vitro Anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> Effect Microorganisms anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> effect ethanolic leaf extracts <i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> in vitro |
| title | <i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> Ethanolic Extract Indicated In Vitro Anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> Effect |
| title_full | <i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> Ethanolic Extract Indicated In Vitro Anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> Effect |
| title_fullStr | <i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> Ethanolic Extract Indicated In Vitro Anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> Effect |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> Ethanolic Extract Indicated In Vitro Anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> Effect |
| title_short | <i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> Ethanolic Extract Indicated In Vitro Anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> Effect |
| title_sort | i odontites linkii i subsp i cyprius i ethanolic extract indicated in vitro anti i acanthamoeba i effect |
| topic | anti-<i>Acanthamoeba</i> effect ethanolic leaf extracts <i>Odontites linkii</i> subsp. <i>cyprius</i> in vitro |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/11/2303 |
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