An investigation of the load-velocity relationship between flywheel eccentric and barbell training methods
ObjectiveFlywheel resistance training (FRT) is a training modality for developing lower limb athletic performance. The relationship between FRT load parameters and barbell squat loading remains ambiguous in practice, resulting in experience-driven load selection during training. Therefore, this stud...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1579291/full |
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| author | Ziwei Zhu Jiayong Chen Ruize Sun Renchen Wang Jiaxin He Wenfeng Zhang Weilong Lin Duanying Li |
| author_facet | Ziwei Zhu Jiayong Chen Ruize Sun Renchen Wang Jiaxin He Wenfeng Zhang Weilong Lin Duanying Li |
| author_sort | Ziwei Zhu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ObjectiveFlywheel resistance training (FRT) is a training modality for developing lower limb athletic performance. The relationship between FRT load parameters and barbell squat loading remains ambiguous in practice, resulting in experience-driven load selection during training. Therefore, this study investigates optimal FRT loading for specific training goals (maximal strength, power, muscular endurance) by analyzing concentric velocity at varying barbell 1RM percentages (%1RM), establishes correlations between flywheel load, velocity, and %1RM, and integrates force-velocity profiling to develop evidence-based guidelines for individualized load prescription.MethodsThirty-nine participants completed 1RM barbell squats to establish submaximal loads (20–90%1RM). Concentric velocities were monitored via linear-position transducer (Gymaware) for FRT inertial load quantification, with test–retest measurements confirming protocol reliability. Simple and multiple linear regression modeled load-velocity interactions and multivariable relationships, while Pearson’s r and R2 quantified correlations and model fit. Predictive equations estimated inertial loads (kg·m2), supported by ICC (2, 1) and CV assessments of relative/absolute reliability.ResultsA strong inverse correlation (r = −0.88) and high linearity (R2 = 0.78) emerged between rotational inertia and velocity. The multivariate model demonstrated excellent fit (R2 = 0.81) and robust correlation (r = 0.90), yielding the predictive equation: y = 0.769–0.846v + 0.002 kg.ConclusionThe strong linear inertial load-velocity relationship enables individualized load prescription through regression equations incorporating velocity and strength parameters. While FRT demonstrates limited efficacy for developing speed-strength, its longitudinal periodization effects require further investigation. Optimal FRT loading ranges were identified: 40–60%1RM for strength-speed, 60–80%1RM for power development, and 80–100% + 1RM for maximal strength adaptations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3881b2f9f9074cb7b3e3fb262fbbe6e2 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2296-2565 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Public Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-3881b2f9f9074cb7b3e3fb262fbbe6e22025-08-20T03:21:47ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652025-05-011310.3389/fpubh.2025.15792911579291An investigation of the load-velocity relationship between flywheel eccentric and barbell training methodsZiwei Zhu0Jiayong Chen1Ruize Sun2Renchen Wang3Jiaxin He4Wenfeng Zhang5Weilong Lin6Duanying Li7Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, ChinaGraduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, ChinaGraduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, ChinaHarbin Institute of Information Technology, Harbin, ChinaSchool of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, ChinaSchool of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, ChinaSchool of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, ChinaSchool of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, ChinaObjectiveFlywheel resistance training (FRT) is a training modality for developing lower limb athletic performance. The relationship between FRT load parameters and barbell squat loading remains ambiguous in practice, resulting in experience-driven load selection during training. Therefore, this study investigates optimal FRT loading for specific training goals (maximal strength, power, muscular endurance) by analyzing concentric velocity at varying barbell 1RM percentages (%1RM), establishes correlations between flywheel load, velocity, and %1RM, and integrates force-velocity profiling to develop evidence-based guidelines for individualized load prescription.MethodsThirty-nine participants completed 1RM barbell squats to establish submaximal loads (20–90%1RM). Concentric velocities were monitored via linear-position transducer (Gymaware) for FRT inertial load quantification, with test–retest measurements confirming protocol reliability. Simple and multiple linear regression modeled load-velocity interactions and multivariable relationships, while Pearson’s r and R2 quantified correlations and model fit. Predictive equations estimated inertial loads (kg·m2), supported by ICC (2, 1) and CV assessments of relative/absolute reliability.ResultsA strong inverse correlation (r = −0.88) and high linearity (R2 = 0.78) emerged between rotational inertia and velocity. The multivariate model demonstrated excellent fit (R2 = 0.81) and robust correlation (r = 0.90), yielding the predictive equation: y = 0.769–0.846v + 0.002 kg.ConclusionThe strong linear inertial load-velocity relationship enables individualized load prescription through regression equations incorporating velocity and strength parameters. While FRT demonstrates limited efficacy for developing speed-strength, its longitudinal periodization effects require further investigation. Optimal FRT loading ranges were identified: 40–60%1RM for strength-speed, 60–80%1RM for power development, and 80–100% + 1RM for maximal strength adaptations.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1579291/fullflywheel resistance trainingload monitoringsports performancedigital trainingvelocity-based training |
| spellingShingle | Ziwei Zhu Jiayong Chen Ruize Sun Renchen Wang Jiaxin He Wenfeng Zhang Weilong Lin Duanying Li An investigation of the load-velocity relationship between flywheel eccentric and barbell training methods Frontiers in Public Health flywheel resistance training load monitoring sports performance digital training velocity-based training |
| title | An investigation of the load-velocity relationship between flywheel eccentric and barbell training methods |
| title_full | An investigation of the load-velocity relationship between flywheel eccentric and barbell training methods |
| title_fullStr | An investigation of the load-velocity relationship between flywheel eccentric and barbell training methods |
| title_full_unstemmed | An investigation of the load-velocity relationship between flywheel eccentric and barbell training methods |
| title_short | An investigation of the load-velocity relationship between flywheel eccentric and barbell training methods |
| title_sort | investigation of the load velocity relationship between flywheel eccentric and barbell training methods |
| topic | flywheel resistance training load monitoring sports performance digital training velocity-based training |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1579291/full |
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