Chlorophyllum molybdites-synthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO-NPs): morphology, biocompatibility, and anticancer properties against liver cancer (HepG2) cell line

Abstract Nanoparticles synthesized from natural sources are gaining prominence for their unique physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. This study investigates the potential of wild mushrooms, specifically Chlorophyllum molybdites (Lepiota morganii, green-spored parasol), for the green synt...

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Main Authors: Irfan Ullah, Asif Kamal, Malka Saba, Ulfat Ara, Driss Touhami, Abdul Wahab, Tahir Maqbool, Moona Nazish, Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei, Maximilian Lackner
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-93818-4
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author Irfan Ullah
Asif Kamal
Malka Saba
Ulfat Ara
Driss Touhami
Abdul Wahab
Tahir Maqbool
Moona Nazish
Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
Maximilian Lackner
author_facet Irfan Ullah
Asif Kamal
Malka Saba
Ulfat Ara
Driss Touhami
Abdul Wahab
Tahir Maqbool
Moona Nazish
Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
Maximilian Lackner
author_sort Irfan Ullah
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Nanoparticles synthesized from natural sources are gaining prominence for their unique physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. This study investigates the potential of wild mushrooms, specifically Chlorophyllum molybdites (Lepiota morganii, green-spored parasol), for the green synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles. Mycosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized via spectroscopic techniques such as XRD, UV spectroscopy, FTIR, and microscopic techniques such as SEM, and EDX, confirming their crystalline structure, spherical morphology, and a nanoscale size of 19.85 nm. FTIR analysis identified functional groups such as flavonoids, phenolics, and proteins, suggesting their role in nanoparticle stabilization and biological activity. Biocompatibility assays demonstrated minimal hemolysis (0.109 ± 0.05% at 400 µg/mL), indicating safety for biomedical use. Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania tropica (a flagellate parasite) revealed concentration-dependent inhibition, with IC50 values of 250 µg/ml and 224 µg/ml for promastigotes and amastigotes, correspondingly. Cytotoxic effects on HepG2 liver cancer cells were evaluated using MTT and crystal violet assays, showing significant dose-dependent reduction in cell viability (IC50 = 50 µg/mL) and apoptosis induction. Furthermore, comparative MTT assays confirmed enhanced efficacy of nanoparticles synthesized with Chlorophyllum molybdites. These results confirmed the multifaceted biomedical effeciacy of mycosynthesized nanoparticles, including anticancer and antiparasitic applications, while promoting sustainable nanoparticle synthesis.
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spelling doaj-art-38809500a7f641b681827c3fc3c07e302025-08-20T03:37:30ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111310.1038/s41598-025-93818-4Chlorophyllum molybdites-synthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO-NPs): morphology, biocompatibility, and anticancer properties against liver cancer (HepG2) cell lineIrfan Ullah0Asif Kamal1Malka Saba2Ulfat Ara3Driss Touhami4Abdul Wahab5Tahir Maqbool6Moona Nazish7Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei8Maximilian Lackner9Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University IslamabadDepartment of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University IslamabadDepartment of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University IslamabadDepartment of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University IslamabadAgroBiosciences Program, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P)Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of LahoreInstitute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of LahoreDepartment of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University IslamabadDepartment of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud UniversityDepartment of Industrial Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum WienAbstract Nanoparticles synthesized from natural sources are gaining prominence for their unique physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. This study investigates the potential of wild mushrooms, specifically Chlorophyllum molybdites (Lepiota morganii, green-spored parasol), for the green synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles. Mycosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized via spectroscopic techniques such as XRD, UV spectroscopy, FTIR, and microscopic techniques such as SEM, and EDX, confirming their crystalline structure, spherical morphology, and a nanoscale size of 19.85 nm. FTIR analysis identified functional groups such as flavonoids, phenolics, and proteins, suggesting their role in nanoparticle stabilization and biological activity. Biocompatibility assays demonstrated minimal hemolysis (0.109 ± 0.05% at 400 µg/mL), indicating safety for biomedical use. Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania tropica (a flagellate parasite) revealed concentration-dependent inhibition, with IC50 values of 250 µg/ml and 224 µg/ml for promastigotes and amastigotes, correspondingly. Cytotoxic effects on HepG2 liver cancer cells were evaluated using MTT and crystal violet assays, showing significant dose-dependent reduction in cell viability (IC50 = 50 µg/mL) and apoptosis induction. Furthermore, comparative MTT assays confirmed enhanced efficacy of nanoparticles synthesized with Chlorophyllum molybdites. These results confirmed the multifaceted biomedical effeciacy of mycosynthesized nanoparticles, including anticancer and antiparasitic applications, while promoting sustainable nanoparticle synthesis.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-93818-4Manganese nanoparticlesHepG2 cancer cells lineAnticancer
spellingShingle Irfan Ullah
Asif Kamal
Malka Saba
Ulfat Ara
Driss Touhami
Abdul Wahab
Tahir Maqbool
Moona Nazish
Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
Maximilian Lackner
Chlorophyllum molybdites-synthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO-NPs): morphology, biocompatibility, and anticancer properties against liver cancer (HepG2) cell line
Scientific Reports
Manganese nanoparticles
HepG2 cancer cells line
Anticancer
title Chlorophyllum molybdites-synthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO-NPs): morphology, biocompatibility, and anticancer properties against liver cancer (HepG2) cell line
title_full Chlorophyllum molybdites-synthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO-NPs): morphology, biocompatibility, and anticancer properties against liver cancer (HepG2) cell line
title_fullStr Chlorophyllum molybdites-synthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO-NPs): morphology, biocompatibility, and anticancer properties against liver cancer (HepG2) cell line
title_full_unstemmed Chlorophyllum molybdites-synthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO-NPs): morphology, biocompatibility, and anticancer properties against liver cancer (HepG2) cell line
title_short Chlorophyllum molybdites-synthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO-NPs): morphology, biocompatibility, and anticancer properties against liver cancer (HepG2) cell line
title_sort chlorophyllum molybdites synthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles mno nps morphology biocompatibility and anticancer properties against liver cancer hepg2 cell line
topic Manganese nanoparticles
HepG2 cancer cells line
Anticancer
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-93818-4
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