Risk Factors and Long‐Term Outcomes in Horses After the 2021 Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy, Valencia, Spain
ABSTRACT Background Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a persistent threat to horses, with unclear risk factors and disease severity. Objectives To evaluate risk factors, effective reproduction rate (Rt), and long‐term athletic outcomes of an EHM outbreak. Methods Retrospective study of...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70040 |
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| author | María de laCuesta‐Torrado Ana Velloso Alvarez Isabel Santiago‐Llorente Lara Armengou Federico Nieto José Ríos Fátima Cruz‐López Eduard Jose‐Cunilleras |
| author_facet | María de laCuesta‐Torrado Ana Velloso Alvarez Isabel Santiago‐Llorente Lara Armengou Federico Nieto José Ríos Fátima Cruz‐López Eduard Jose‐Cunilleras |
| author_sort | María de laCuesta‐Torrado |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT Background Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a persistent threat to horses, with unclear risk factors and disease severity. Objectives To evaluate risk factors, effective reproduction rate (Rt), and long‐term athletic outcomes of an EHM outbreak. Methods Retrospective study of the 2021 EHM outbreak in Valencia, Spain, examining associations between risk factors (sex, age, breed, country of origin, and vaccination status) and case fatality rate, EHM development, and odds of returning to competition using odds ratios [95% CI] and Rt via the Robert Kochs Institute method. Results Among 191 horses, 38 (20%) were clinically normal, 13 (7%) were subclinical, and 140 (73%) presented clinical signs (89 EHM, 64%). One hundred sixty horses were isolated at the show, while 47 were treated in hospitals. The mean age was 9.8 ± 3.0 years; 85 (45%) were mares, 79 (41%) geldings, and 27 (14%) stallions. The EHM case fatality rate was 11/89 (12%). Vaccination was associated with EHM development (4.54[2.23–9.27]; OR[95% CI]; p < 0.001) and case fatality rate (3.9[1.1–14.4]; OR[95% CI]; p < 0.043). EHV‐1‐infected horses without EHM were more likely to return to competition (54/61; 89%) than those recovering from EHM (65/89; 73%; p = 0.024). It was initially 4.2 and decreased to < 1 within 2 weeks of the outbreak. Conclusions During the 2021 EHV‐1 outbreak in Valencia, vaccination status appears to be associated with EHM development. Horses recovering from EHM had slightly lower chances of returning to competition than those shedding EHV‐1 without EHM. The high Rt value underscores the contagious nature of EHV‐1. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3878eb233f6b42fd9897c91d7d9f2bb0 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 0891-6640 1939-1676 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-3878eb233f6b42fd9897c91d7d9f2bb02025-08-20T02:27:45ZengWileyJournal of Veterinary Internal Medicine0891-66401939-16762025-03-01392n/an/a10.1111/jvim.70040Risk Factors and Long‐Term Outcomes in Horses After the 2021 Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy, Valencia, SpainMaría de laCuesta‐Torrado0Ana Velloso Alvarez1Isabel Santiago‐Llorente2Lara Armengou3Federico Nieto4José Ríos5Fátima Cruz‐López6Eduard Jose‐Cunilleras7Dept. Animal Medicine and Surgery Universidad Cardenal Herrera‐CEU, CEU Universities Alfara del Patriarca SpainDept. Animal Medicine and Surgery Universidad Cardenal Herrera‐CEU, CEU Universities Alfara del Patriarca SpainHospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense Universidad Complutense Madrid SpainUnitat Equina Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari Barcelona SpainEquihealth Veterinarios Barcelona SpainDepartment of Clinical Farmacology, Hospital Clinic and Medical Statistics Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; and Biostatistics Unit, School of Medicine Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona SpainVISAVET Health Surveillance Centre Universidad Complutense Madrid SpainUnitat Equina Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari Barcelona SpainABSTRACT Background Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a persistent threat to horses, with unclear risk factors and disease severity. Objectives To evaluate risk factors, effective reproduction rate (Rt), and long‐term athletic outcomes of an EHM outbreak. Methods Retrospective study of the 2021 EHM outbreak in Valencia, Spain, examining associations between risk factors (sex, age, breed, country of origin, and vaccination status) and case fatality rate, EHM development, and odds of returning to competition using odds ratios [95% CI] and Rt via the Robert Kochs Institute method. Results Among 191 horses, 38 (20%) were clinically normal, 13 (7%) were subclinical, and 140 (73%) presented clinical signs (89 EHM, 64%). One hundred sixty horses were isolated at the show, while 47 were treated in hospitals. The mean age was 9.8 ± 3.0 years; 85 (45%) were mares, 79 (41%) geldings, and 27 (14%) stallions. The EHM case fatality rate was 11/89 (12%). Vaccination was associated with EHM development (4.54[2.23–9.27]; OR[95% CI]; p < 0.001) and case fatality rate (3.9[1.1–14.4]; OR[95% CI]; p < 0.043). EHV‐1‐infected horses without EHM were more likely to return to competition (54/61; 89%) than those recovering from EHM (65/89; 73%; p = 0.024). It was initially 4.2 and decreased to < 1 within 2 weeks of the outbreak. Conclusions During the 2021 EHV‐1 outbreak in Valencia, vaccination status appears to be associated with EHM development. Horses recovering from EHM had slightly lower chances of returning to competition than those shedding EHV‐1 without EHM. The high Rt value underscores the contagious nature of EHV‐1.https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70040EHV‐1horsequarantinerisk factorvaccine |
| spellingShingle | María de laCuesta‐Torrado Ana Velloso Alvarez Isabel Santiago‐Llorente Lara Armengou Federico Nieto José Ríos Fátima Cruz‐López Eduard Jose‐Cunilleras Risk Factors and Long‐Term Outcomes in Horses After the 2021 Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy, Valencia, Spain Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine EHV‐1 horse quarantine risk factor vaccine |
| title | Risk Factors and Long‐Term Outcomes in Horses After the 2021 Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy, Valencia, Spain |
| title_full | Risk Factors and Long‐Term Outcomes in Horses After the 2021 Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy, Valencia, Spain |
| title_fullStr | Risk Factors and Long‐Term Outcomes in Horses After the 2021 Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy, Valencia, Spain |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk Factors and Long‐Term Outcomes in Horses After the 2021 Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy, Valencia, Spain |
| title_short | Risk Factors and Long‐Term Outcomes in Horses After the 2021 Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy, Valencia, Spain |
| title_sort | risk factors and long term outcomes in horses after the 2021 outbreak of equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy valencia spain |
| topic | EHV‐1 horse quarantine risk factor vaccine |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70040 |
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