Swap Test-Based Quantum Protocol for Private Array Equality Comparison
Private array equality comparison (PAEC) aims to evaluate whether two arrays are equal while maintaining the confidentiality of their elements. Current private comparison protocols predominantly focus on determining the relationships of secret integers, lacking exploration of array comparisons. To a...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| author | Min Hou Shibin Zhang |
| author_facet | Min Hou Shibin Zhang |
| author_sort | Min Hou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Private array equality comparison (PAEC) aims to evaluate whether two arrays are equal while maintaining the confidentiality of their elements. Current private comparison protocols predominantly focus on determining the relationships of secret integers, lacking exploration of array comparisons. To address this issue, we propose a swap test-based quantum protocol for PAEC, which satisfies both functionality and security requirements using the principles of quantum mechanics. This protocol introduces a semi-honest third party (TP) that acts as a medium for generating Bell states as quantum resources and distributes the first and second qubits of these Bell states to the respective participants. They encode their array elements into the received qubits by performing rotation operations. These encoded qubits are sent to TP to derive the comparison results. To verify the feasibility of the proposed protocol, we construct a quantum circuit and conduct simulations on the IBM quantum platform. Security analysis further indicates that our protocol is resistant to various quantum attacks from outsider eavesdroppers and attempts by curious participants. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-37dde5e7f085437fb46c656d40a8839c |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2227-7390 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Mathematics |
| spelling | doaj-art-37dde5e7f085437fb46c656d40a8839c2025-08-20T03:02:55ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902025-07-011315242510.3390/math13152425Swap Test-Based Quantum Protocol for Private Array Equality ComparisonMin Hou0Shibin Zhang1School of Computer Science, Sichuan University Jinjiang College, Meishan 620860, ChinaCollege of Artificial Intelligence (CUIT Shuangliu Industrial College), Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, ChinaPrivate array equality comparison (PAEC) aims to evaluate whether two arrays are equal while maintaining the confidentiality of their elements. Current private comparison protocols predominantly focus on determining the relationships of secret integers, lacking exploration of array comparisons. To address this issue, we propose a swap test-based quantum protocol for PAEC, which satisfies both functionality and security requirements using the principles of quantum mechanics. This protocol introduces a semi-honest third party (TP) that acts as a medium for generating Bell states as quantum resources and distributes the first and second qubits of these Bell states to the respective participants. They encode their array elements into the received qubits by performing rotation operations. These encoded qubits are sent to TP to derive the comparison results. To verify the feasibility of the proposed protocol, we construct a quantum circuit and conduct simulations on the IBM quantum platform. Security analysis further indicates that our protocol is resistant to various quantum attacks from outsider eavesdroppers and attempts by curious participants.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/15/2425private array equality comparison (PAEC)swap testBell statesrotation encryptionsecurity |
| spellingShingle | Min Hou Shibin Zhang Swap Test-Based Quantum Protocol for Private Array Equality Comparison Mathematics private array equality comparison (PAEC) swap test Bell states rotation encryption security |
| title | Swap Test-Based Quantum Protocol for Private Array Equality Comparison |
| title_full | Swap Test-Based Quantum Protocol for Private Array Equality Comparison |
| title_fullStr | Swap Test-Based Quantum Protocol for Private Array Equality Comparison |
| title_full_unstemmed | Swap Test-Based Quantum Protocol for Private Array Equality Comparison |
| title_short | Swap Test-Based Quantum Protocol for Private Array Equality Comparison |
| title_sort | swap test based quantum protocol for private array equality comparison |
| topic | private array equality comparison (PAEC) swap test Bell states rotation encryption security |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/15/2425 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT minhou swaptestbasedquantumprotocolforprivatearrayequalitycomparison AT shibinzhang swaptestbasedquantumprotocolforprivatearrayequalitycomparison |