Source-Detector Geometry Analysis of Reflective PPG by Measurements and Simulations
<italic>Goal:</italic> We investigate the effect of source-detector geometry, including distance and angle, on the reflective photoplethysmography (PPG) signal. <italic>Methods:</italic> A porcine skin phantom was used for laboratory measurements and replicated by Monte Carlo...
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| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10908070/ |
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| author | M. Reiser T. Mueller A. Breidenassel O. Amft |
| author_facet | M. Reiser T. Mueller A. Breidenassel O. Amft |
| author_sort | M. Reiser |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <italic>Goal:</italic> We investigate the effect of source-detector geometry, including distance and angle, on the reflective photoplethysmography (PPG) signal. <italic>Methods:</italic> A porcine skin phantom was used for laboratory measurements and replicated by Monte Carlo simulations. Variations in sensor geometry were analysed. <italic>Results:</italic> Laboratory measurements and Monte Carlo simulations showed agreement for various geometry settings. With decreasing negative sensor angle, the differential path length factor and the average maximum penetration depth increases. <italic>Conclusions:</italic> Our analyses highlight the influence of source-detector geometry on the PPG DC signal. Based on our analysis of penetration depth and optical path length, the geometry effects can be transferred to the PPG AC signal too. MC simulations provide an important tool to optimise PPG performance. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-37ccf870409c47c8b065eb7766fd4db8 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2644-1276 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-37ccf870409c47c8b065eb7766fd4db82025-08-20T02:38:05ZengIEEEIEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology2644-12762025-01-01640040610.1109/OJEMB.2025.354677110908070Source-Detector Geometry Analysis of Reflective PPG by Measurements and SimulationsM. Reiser0https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7898-4978T. Mueller1A. Breidenassel2https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8266-8817O. Amft3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6811-3659University of Freiburg, Faculty of Engineering, Freiburg, GermanyAms OSRAM, Regensburg, GermanyHAW Landshut, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Landshut, GermanyHahn-Schickard, Freiburg, Germany<italic>Goal:</italic> We investigate the effect of source-detector geometry, including distance and angle, on the reflective photoplethysmography (PPG) signal. <italic>Methods:</italic> A porcine skin phantom was used for laboratory measurements and replicated by Monte Carlo simulations. Variations in sensor geometry were analysed. <italic>Results:</italic> Laboratory measurements and Monte Carlo simulations showed agreement for various geometry settings. With decreasing negative sensor angle, the differential path length factor and the average maximum penetration depth increases. <italic>Conclusions:</italic> Our analyses highlight the influence of source-detector geometry on the PPG DC signal. Based on our analysis of penetration depth and optical path length, the geometry effects can be transferred to the PPG AC signal too. MC simulations provide an important tool to optimise PPG performance.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10908070/Sensor geometryMonte Carlo simulationperfusion indexPPGskin phantom |
| spellingShingle | M. Reiser T. Mueller A. Breidenassel O. Amft Source-Detector Geometry Analysis of Reflective PPG by Measurements and Simulations IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology Sensor geometry Monte Carlo simulation perfusion index PPG skin phantom |
| title | Source-Detector Geometry Analysis of Reflective PPG by Measurements and Simulations |
| title_full | Source-Detector Geometry Analysis of Reflective PPG by Measurements and Simulations |
| title_fullStr | Source-Detector Geometry Analysis of Reflective PPG by Measurements and Simulations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Source-Detector Geometry Analysis of Reflective PPG by Measurements and Simulations |
| title_short | Source-Detector Geometry Analysis of Reflective PPG by Measurements and Simulations |
| title_sort | source detector geometry analysis of reflective ppg by measurements and simulations |
| topic | Sensor geometry Monte Carlo simulation perfusion index PPG skin phantom |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10908070/ |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mreiser sourcedetectorgeometryanalysisofreflectiveppgbymeasurementsandsimulations AT tmueller sourcedetectorgeometryanalysisofreflectiveppgbymeasurementsandsimulations AT abreidenassel sourcedetectorgeometryanalysisofreflectiveppgbymeasurementsandsimulations AT oamft sourcedetectorgeometryanalysisofreflectiveppgbymeasurementsandsimulations |