<i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i>-Derived Inorganic Polyphosphate Regulates Immune Function via Inhibiting M1 Polarization and Resisting Oxidative Stress in Macrophages

Inorganic polyphosphate (PolyP) is a high-molecular-weight polymer that plays multiple roles in regulating immune responses. However, the specific anti-inflammatory mechanisms of bacteria-derived PolyP are unclear. In the present study, PolyP was extracted from <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i...

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Main Authors: Shuzhen Li, Aijuan Zheng, Zhimin Chen, Xiaoying Wang, Jiang Chen, Zhiheng Zou, Guohua Liu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Antioxidants
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/4/428
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author Shuzhen Li
Aijuan Zheng
Zhimin Chen
Xiaoying Wang
Jiang Chen
Zhiheng Zou
Guohua Liu
author_facet Shuzhen Li
Aijuan Zheng
Zhimin Chen
Xiaoying Wang
Jiang Chen
Zhiheng Zou
Guohua Liu
author_sort Shuzhen Li
collection DOAJ
description Inorganic polyphosphate (PolyP) is a high-molecular-weight polymer that plays multiple roles in regulating immune responses. However, the specific anti-inflammatory mechanisms of bacteria-derived PolyP are unclear. In the present study, PolyP was extracted from <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> (<i>L. plantarum</i>), and the chain length was estimated to be approximately 250 Pi residues. The immune regulatory functions of PolyP were investigated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell oxidative stress model, and dexamethasone was used as a positive control. The result revealed that both dexamethasone and PolyP were protective against oxidative stress by inhibiting macrophage M1 polarization and the production of several markers, such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. In addition, PolyP suppressed inflammation progression by regulating the production of several cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon (INF)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6, and inhibited the expressions of <i>inhibitory κB kinase</i> (<i>IKK</i>) <i>α</i>, <i>IKKβ</i>, and extracellular regulated protein kinases 2 (<i>ERK2</i>). Conclusively, PolyP derived from <i>L. plantarum</i> has the ability to protect cells from oxidative stress damage by inhibiting M1 polarization in macrophages. These findings provide insights into the function of PolyP and offer support for the potential application of PolyP in immune-related diseases.
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spelling doaj-art-379928a2cdeb43c1bc76b30361617ca02025-08-20T02:17:19ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212025-04-0114442810.3390/antiox14040428<i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i>-Derived Inorganic Polyphosphate Regulates Immune Function via Inhibiting M1 Polarization and Resisting Oxidative Stress in MacrophagesShuzhen Li0Aijuan Zheng1Zhimin Chen2Xiaoying Wang3Jiang Chen4Zhiheng Zou5Guohua Liu6Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaKey Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaKey Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaKey Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaJiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Green and Healthy Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, ChinaJiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Green and Healthy Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, ChinaKey Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInorganic polyphosphate (PolyP) is a high-molecular-weight polymer that plays multiple roles in regulating immune responses. However, the specific anti-inflammatory mechanisms of bacteria-derived PolyP are unclear. In the present study, PolyP was extracted from <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> (<i>L. plantarum</i>), and the chain length was estimated to be approximately 250 Pi residues. The immune regulatory functions of PolyP were investigated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell oxidative stress model, and dexamethasone was used as a positive control. The result revealed that both dexamethasone and PolyP were protective against oxidative stress by inhibiting macrophage M1 polarization and the production of several markers, such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. In addition, PolyP suppressed inflammation progression by regulating the production of several cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon (INF)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6, and inhibited the expressions of <i>inhibitory κB kinase</i> (<i>IKK</i>) <i>α</i>, <i>IKKβ</i>, and extracellular regulated protein kinases 2 (<i>ERK2</i>). Conclusively, PolyP derived from <i>L. plantarum</i> has the ability to protect cells from oxidative stress damage by inhibiting M1 polarization in macrophages. These findings provide insights into the function of PolyP and offer support for the potential application of PolyP in immune-related diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/4/428inorganic polyphosphatemacrophagesoxidative stressM1 polarizationimmunomodulation
spellingShingle Shuzhen Li
Aijuan Zheng
Zhimin Chen
Xiaoying Wang
Jiang Chen
Zhiheng Zou
Guohua Liu
<i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i>-Derived Inorganic Polyphosphate Regulates Immune Function via Inhibiting M1 Polarization and Resisting Oxidative Stress in Macrophages
Antioxidants
inorganic polyphosphate
macrophages
oxidative stress
M1 polarization
immunomodulation
title <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i>-Derived Inorganic Polyphosphate Regulates Immune Function via Inhibiting M1 Polarization and Resisting Oxidative Stress in Macrophages
title_full <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i>-Derived Inorganic Polyphosphate Regulates Immune Function via Inhibiting M1 Polarization and Resisting Oxidative Stress in Macrophages
title_fullStr <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i>-Derived Inorganic Polyphosphate Regulates Immune Function via Inhibiting M1 Polarization and Resisting Oxidative Stress in Macrophages
title_full_unstemmed <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i>-Derived Inorganic Polyphosphate Regulates Immune Function via Inhibiting M1 Polarization and Resisting Oxidative Stress in Macrophages
title_short <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i>-Derived Inorganic Polyphosphate Regulates Immune Function via Inhibiting M1 Polarization and Resisting Oxidative Stress in Macrophages
title_sort i lactobacillus plantarum i derived inorganic polyphosphate regulates immune function via inhibiting m1 polarization and resisting oxidative stress in macrophages
topic inorganic polyphosphate
macrophages
oxidative stress
M1 polarization
immunomodulation
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/4/428
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