Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Terminalia bellirica</i> (Gaertn.) Roxb. and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> Retz. Fruit Extracts Against Gastrointestinal Pathogens: Enhancing Antibiotic Efficacy
<i>Terminalia bellirica</i> (Gaertn) Roxb. and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> Retz. are significant botanicals in ancient Ayurvedic medicine. They are renowned for their therapeutic properties, notably in addressing gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. These plants have undergone thoro...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Gagan Tiwana Ian Edwin Cock Matthew James Cheesman |
| author_facet | Gagan Tiwana Ian Edwin Cock Matthew James Cheesman |
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| description | <i>Terminalia bellirica</i> (Gaertn) Roxb. and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> Retz. are significant botanicals in ancient Ayurvedic medicine. They are renowned for their therapeutic properties, notably in addressing gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. These plants have undergone thorough examination related to their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which make them highly efficient natural treatments for controlling gastrointestinal infections. The current research demonstrated the antibacterial efficacy of fruit extracts of <i>Terminalia bellirica</i> and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> against <i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Shigella sonnei</i>, <i>Shigella flexneri</i>, and <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>. We performed disc diffusion and liquid microdilution experiments to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy. All extracts of <i>Terminalia bellirica</i> and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> showed good antibacterial effects against <i>B. cereus</i> and <i>S. flexneri</i>. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 94 µg/mL to 556 µg/mL. The methanolic extracts from both plants also showed noteworthy antibacterial activity against <i>S. sonnei</i> and <i>S. typhimurium</i>, with MIC values of 755 µg/mL for both. Fractional inhibitory concentration studies revealed additive interactions between some conventional antibiotics and the plant extracts when used concurrently. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses revealed that the <i>T. bellirica</i> and <i>T. chebula</i> extracts contained various tannins including methyl gallate, propyl gallate, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. Lethality assays conducted using <i>Artemia franciscana</i> Kellogg nauplii indicated that all the plant extracts are non-toxic. The antibacterial properties and absence of toxicity in <i>T. bellirica</i> and <i>T. chebula</i> fruit extracts indicate their potential for antibiotic development, warranting additional mechanistic and phytochemical studies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3742c21df7344e6fa22b172cca2a237b |
| institution | OA Journals |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-3742c21df7344e6fa22b172cca2a237b2025-08-20T02:01:06ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072024-12-011212266410.3390/microorganisms12122664Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Terminalia bellirica</i> (Gaertn.) Roxb. and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> Retz. Fruit Extracts Against Gastrointestinal Pathogens: Enhancing Antibiotic EfficacyGagan Tiwana0Ian Edwin Cock1Matthew James Cheesman2School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, AustraliaSchool of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, AustraliaSchool of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia<i>Terminalia bellirica</i> (Gaertn) Roxb. and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> Retz. are significant botanicals in ancient Ayurvedic medicine. They are renowned for their therapeutic properties, notably in addressing gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. These plants have undergone thorough examination related to their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which make them highly efficient natural treatments for controlling gastrointestinal infections. The current research demonstrated the antibacterial efficacy of fruit extracts of <i>Terminalia bellirica</i> and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> against <i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Shigella sonnei</i>, <i>Shigella flexneri</i>, and <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>. We performed disc diffusion and liquid microdilution experiments to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy. All extracts of <i>Terminalia bellirica</i> and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> showed good antibacterial effects against <i>B. cereus</i> and <i>S. flexneri</i>. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 94 µg/mL to 556 µg/mL. The methanolic extracts from both plants also showed noteworthy antibacterial activity against <i>S. sonnei</i> and <i>S. typhimurium</i>, with MIC values of 755 µg/mL for both. Fractional inhibitory concentration studies revealed additive interactions between some conventional antibiotics and the plant extracts when used concurrently. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses revealed that the <i>T. bellirica</i> and <i>T. chebula</i> extracts contained various tannins including methyl gallate, propyl gallate, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. Lethality assays conducted using <i>Artemia franciscana</i> Kellogg nauplii indicated that all the plant extracts are non-toxic. The antibacterial properties and absence of toxicity in <i>T. bellirica</i> and <i>T. chebula</i> fruit extracts indicate their potential for antibiotic development, warranting additional mechanistic and phytochemical studies.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/12/2664medicinal plantsplant-derived antimicrobialsgallotanninsgastrointestinal pathogensherbal antidiarrhealscombinational therapies |
| spellingShingle | Gagan Tiwana Ian Edwin Cock Matthew James Cheesman Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Terminalia bellirica</i> (Gaertn.) Roxb. and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> Retz. Fruit Extracts Against Gastrointestinal Pathogens: Enhancing Antibiotic Efficacy Microorganisms medicinal plants plant-derived antimicrobials gallotannins gastrointestinal pathogens herbal antidiarrheals combinational therapies |
| title | Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Terminalia bellirica</i> (Gaertn.) Roxb. and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> Retz. Fruit Extracts Against Gastrointestinal Pathogens: Enhancing Antibiotic Efficacy |
| title_full | Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Terminalia bellirica</i> (Gaertn.) Roxb. and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> Retz. Fruit Extracts Against Gastrointestinal Pathogens: Enhancing Antibiotic Efficacy |
| title_fullStr | Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Terminalia bellirica</i> (Gaertn.) Roxb. and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> Retz. Fruit Extracts Against Gastrointestinal Pathogens: Enhancing Antibiotic Efficacy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Terminalia bellirica</i> (Gaertn.) Roxb. and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> Retz. Fruit Extracts Against Gastrointestinal Pathogens: Enhancing Antibiotic Efficacy |
| title_short | Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Terminalia bellirica</i> (Gaertn.) Roxb. and <i>Terminalia chebula</i> Retz. Fruit Extracts Against Gastrointestinal Pathogens: Enhancing Antibiotic Efficacy |
| title_sort | phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of i terminalia bellirica i gaertn roxb and i terminalia chebula i retz fruit extracts against gastrointestinal pathogens enhancing antibiotic efficacy |
| topic | medicinal plants plant-derived antimicrobials gallotannins gastrointestinal pathogens herbal antidiarrheals combinational therapies |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/12/2664 |
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